Periodontitis and Its Inflammatory Changes Linked to Various Systemic Diseases: A Review of Its Underlying Mechanisms

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gums. The incidence of periodontitis is increasing all over the world. In patients with periodontitis, there is gradual destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone, and later, in advanced stages, there is tooth loss. Different...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biomedicines 2022-10, Vol.10 (10), p.2659
Main Authors: Bhuyan, Ruchi, Bhuyan, Sanat Kumar, Mohanty, Jatindra Nath, Das, Srijit, Juliana, Norsham, Abu, Izuddin Fahmy
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alveolar bone
Bacteria
Biofilms
Biomarkers
Cancer
Carcinogenesis
Dental plaque
Diabetes mellitus
Environmental factors
Epidemiology
Gram-negative bacteria
Immune response
infection
Inflammation
Inflammatory diseases
management
mechanisms
Microbiota
miRNA
Multiple myeloma
Observations
oral
Pain
Pathogens
pathology
Patients
Periodontal ligament
Periodontics
Periodontitis
Physiological aspects
Review
Risk factors
Systemic diseases
Teeth
Therapeutic applications
Virulence
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Summary:Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gums. The incidence of periodontitis is increasing all over the world. In patients with periodontitis, there is gradual destruction of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone, and later, in advanced stages, there is tooth loss. Different microorganisms, the host’s immune response, and various environmental factors interact in the progression of this chronic inflammatory disease. In the present review, we discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications of periodontitis. We also discuss the association of chronic inflammation found in periodontitis with various other systemic diseases, which include cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, cancer, adverse pregnancy, and multiple myeloma, and also highlight microbial carcinogenesis and the microRNAs involved. The latest updates on the molecular mechanism, possible biomarkers, and treatment procedures may be beneficial for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
ISSN:2227-9059
2227-9059
DOI:10.3390/biomedicines10102659