Dynamical modelling of viral infection and cooperative immune protection in COVID-19 patients

Once challenged by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the human host immune system triggers a dynamic process against infection. We constructed a mathematical model to describe host innate and adaptive immune response to viral challenge. Based on the dynamic properties of viral load and immune response, we class...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PLoS computational biology 2023-09, Vol.19 (9), p.e1011383
Main Authors: Zhou, Zhengqing, Li, Dianjie, Zhao, Ziheng, Shi, Shuyu, Wu, Jianghua, Li, Jianwei, Zhang, Jingpeng, Gui, Ke, Zhang, Yu, Ouyang, Qi, Mei, Heng, Hu, Yu, Li, Fangting
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adaptive immunity
Antibodies
Antigens
B cells
Biology and Life Sciences
COVID-19
COVID-19 - prevention & control
COVID-19 vaccines
Cytokines
Cytotoxicity
Dynamic characteristics
Dynamic models
Effectiveness
Health aspects
Humans
Immune response
Immune system
Immunological memory
Immunology
Infection
Infections
Influenza
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Mathematical models
Medical research
Medicine and Health Sciences
Medicine, Experimental
Memory cells
Mortality
Neutrophils
Ordinary differential equations
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
T cells
Vaccines
Viral antibodies
Viral diseases
Viral infections
Viral Load
Virus Diseases
Viruses
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Summary:Once challenged by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the human host immune system triggers a dynamic process against infection. We constructed a mathematical model to describe host innate and adaptive immune response to viral challenge. Based on the dynamic properties of viral load and immune response, we classified the resulting dynamics into four modes, reflecting increasing severity of COVID-19 disease. We found the numerical product of immune system's ability to clear the virus and to kill the infected cells, namely immune efficacy, to be predictive of disease severity. We also investigated vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results suggested that immune efficacy based on memory T cells and neutralizing antibody titers could be used to predict population vaccine protection rates. Finally, we analyzed infection dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants within the construct of our mathematical model. Overall, our results provide a systematic framework for understanding the dynamics of host response upon challenge by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this framework can be used to predict vaccine protection and perform clinical diagnosis.
ISSN:1553-7358
1553-734X
1553-7358
DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011383