Identifying high or low risk of mother to child transmission of HIV: How Harare City, Zimbabwe is doing?

• Published in: PloS one 2019-03, Vol.14 (3), p.e0212848-e0212848
• Main Authors: Komtenza, Brian, Satyanarayana, Srinath, Takarinda, Kudakwashe C, Mukungunugwa, Solomon H, Mugurungi, Owen, Chonzi, Prosper, Sithole, Ngwarai, Bvochora, Talent, Mushavi, Angela
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis; Anti-HIV agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Biology and Life Sciences; Care and treatment; Control; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease transmission; Female; Health aspects; Health risk assessment; HIV; HIV infections; HIV Infections - epidemiology; HIV Infections - prevention & control; HIV Infections - transmission; HIV tests; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infants; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & control; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - statistics & numerical data; Information management; Mass Screening - statistics & numerical data; Medical personnel; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mentoring; Nevirapine; Newborn infants; People and Places; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - epidemiology; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - prevention & control; Pregnant women; Prevention; Prophylaxis; Public health; Risk factors; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination - therapeutic use; Workers; Young Adult; Zidovudine; Zimbabwe - epidemiology
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212848

Despite high antiretroviral (ARV) treatment coverage among pregnant women for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Zimbabwe, the MTCT rate is still high. Therefore in 2016, the country adopted World Health Organization recommendations of stratifying pregnant women into "High" or"Low" MTCT risk for subsequent provision of HIV exposed infant (HEI) with appropriate follow-up care according to risk status. The study sought to ascertain, among pregnant women who delivered in clinics of Harare in August 2017: the extent to which high risk MTCT pregnancies were identified at time of delivery; and whether their newborns were initiated on appropriate ARV prophylaxis, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, subjected to early HIV diagnostic testing and initiated on ARV treatment. Cross-sectional study using review of records of routinely collected program data. Of the 1,786 pregnant women who delivered in the selected clinics, HIV status at the time of delivery was known for 1,756 (98%) of whom 197 (11%) were HIV seropositive. Only 19 (10%) could be classified as "high risk" for MTCT and the remaining 90% lacked adequate information to classify them into high or low risk for MTCT due to missing data. Of the 197 live births, only two (1%) infants had a nucleic-acid test (NAT) at birth and 32 (16%) infants had NAT at 6 weeks. Of all 197 infants, 183 (93%) were initiated on single ARV prophylaxis (Nevirapine), 15 (7%) infants' ARV prophylaxis status was not documented and one infant got dual ARV prophylaxis (Nevirapine+Zidovudine). There was paucity of data requisite for MTCT risk stratification due to poor recording of data; "high risk" women were missed in the few circumstances where sufficient data were available. Thus "high risk" HEI are deprived of dual ARV prophylaxis and priority HIV NAT at birth and onwards which they require for PMTCT. Health workers need urgent training, mentorship and supportive supervision to master data management and perform MTCT risk stratification satisfactorily.