Resistance to Ticks and the Path to Anti-Tick and Transmission Blocking Vaccines

The medical and veterinary public health importance of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is increasing due to the expansion of the geographic ranges of both ticks and pathogens, increasing tick populations, growing incidence of tick-borne diseases, emerging tick transmitted pathogens, and continued cha...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Vaccines (Basel) 2021-07, Vol.9 (7), p.725
Main Authors: van Oosterwijk, Jolieke G, Wikel, Stephen K
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
anti-tick vaccine
Antigens
Arachnids
Cattle
Disease control
Disease transmission
Domestic animals
Economic impact
Evolution
Genomics
Histamine
host resistance
Host-pathogen interactions
immune response
Immunology
Laboratory animals
Licenses
Livestock
Medical research
Microbiomes
Milk production
Parasitic diseases
Pathogens
Proteomics
Public health
Review
Salivary gland
Salivary glands
tick
Tick-borne diseases
Ticks
transmission blocking vaccine
Vaccines
Wildlife
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Summary:The medical and veterinary public health importance of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is increasing due to the expansion of the geographic ranges of both ticks and pathogens, increasing tick populations, growing incidence of tick-borne diseases, emerging tick transmitted pathogens, and continued challenges of achieving effective and sustained tick control. The past decades show an increasing interest in the immune-mediated control of tick infestations and pathogen transmission through the use of vaccines. Bovine tick resistance induced by repeated infestations was reported over a century ago. This review addresses the phenomena and immunological underpinning of resistance to tick infestation by livestock and laboratory animals; the scope of tick countermeasures to host immune defenses; and the impact of genomics, functional genomics, and proteomics on dissecting complex tick-host-pathogen interactions. From early studies utilizing tick tissue extracts to salivary gland derived molecules and components of physiologically important pathways in tick gut and other tissues, an increased understanding of these relationships, over time, impacted the evolution of anti-tick vaccine antigen selection. Novel antigens continue to emerge, including increased interest in the tick microbiome. Anti-tick and transmission blocking vaccines targeting pathogen reservoirs have the potential to disrupt enzootic cycles and reduce human, companion, domestic animal, and wildlife exposure to infected ticks.
ISSN:2076-393X
2076-393X
DOI:10.3390/vaccines9070725