Antibody-based sex determination of human skeletal remains

• Published in: iScience 2023-11, Vol.26 (11), p.108191-108191, Article 108191
• Main Authors: Shaw, Barry, Foggin, Sophie, Hamilton-Stanley, Petter, Barlow, Andy, Pickard, Catriona, Fibiger, Linda, Oldham, Neil, Tighe, Patrick, Kootker, Lisette M., Schrader, Sarah, Layfield, Rob
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Immunology; Methodology in biological sciences; Paleobiology
• ISSN: 2589-0042; 2589-0042
• DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108191

Assignment of biological sex to skeletal remains is critical in the accurate reconstruction of the past. Analysis of sex-chromosome encoded AMELX and AMELY peptides from the enamel protein amelogenin underpins a minimally destructive mass spectrometry (MS) method for sex determination of human remains. However, access to such specialist approaches limits applicability. As a convenient alternative, we generated antibodies that distinguish human AMELX and AMELY. Purified antibodies demonstrated high selectivity and quantitative detection against synthetic peptides by ELISA. Using acid etches of enamel from post-medieval skeletons, antibody determinations corrected osteological uncertainties and matched parallel MS, and for Bronze Age samples where only enamel was preserved, also matched MS analyses. Toward improved throughput, automated stations were applied to analyze 19th-century teeth where sex of individuals was documented, confirming MS can be bypassed. Our immunological tools should underpin development of routine, economical, high-throughput methods for sex determination, potentially even in a field setting. [Display omitted] •Antibodies can distinguish human sex-chromosome encoded AMELX and AMELY peptides•Immunoassays using dental enamel extracts allow sex determination of human remains•Use of antibodies should allow sex determination to become a more routine activity Immunology; Methodology in biological sciences; Paleobiology