Interactions between HIV proteins and host restriction factors: implications for potential therapeutic intervention in HIV infection

Different host proteins target different HIV proteins and antagonize their functions, depending on the stage of the HIV life cycle and the stage of infection. Concurrently, HIV proteins also target and antagonize various different host proteins to facilitate HIV replication within host cells. The pr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Frontiers in immunology 2024, Vol.15, p.1390650
Main Authors: Rashid, Farooq, Zaongo, Silvere D, Iqbal, Hifza, Harypursat, Vijay, Song, Fangzhou, Chen, Yaokai
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Antiviral Restriction Factors
HIV
HIV infection
HIV Infections - immunology
HIV Infections - metabolism
HIV Infections - virology
HIV proteins
HIV-1 - physiology
host restriction factors
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins - metabolism
Humans
therapeutics
Virus Replication
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Summary:Different host proteins target different HIV proteins and antagonize their functions, depending on the stage of the HIV life cycle and the stage of infection. Concurrently, HIV proteins also target and antagonize various different host proteins to facilitate HIV replication within host cells. The preceding quite specific area of knowledge in HIV pathogenesis, however, remains insufficiently understood. We therefore propose, in this review article, to examine and discuss the HIV proteins that counteract those host restriction proteins which results directly in increased infectivity of HIV. We elaborate on HIV proteins that antagonize host cellular proteins to promote HIV replication, and thus HIV infection. We examine the functions and mechanisms via which Nef, Vif, Vpu, Env, Vpr, and Vpx counteract host proteins such as Ser5, PSGL-1, IFITMS, A3G, tetherin, GBP5, SAMHD1, STING, HUSH, REAF, and TET2 to increase HIV infectivity. Nef antagonizes three host proteins, viz., Ser5, PSGL1, and IFITIMs, while Vpx also antagonizes three host restriction factors, viz., SAMHD1, STING, and HUSH complex; therefore, these proteins may be potential candidates for therapeutic intervention in HIV infection. Tetherin is targeted by Vpu and Env, PSGL1 is targeted by Nef and Vpu, while Ser5 is targeted by Nef and Env proteins. Finally, conclusive remarks and future perspectives are also presented.
ISSN:1664-3224
1664-3224
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390650