Processing properties and pyrolysis behavior of novolak-hexamethylenetetramine mixtures

This work investigates the influence of the hexamethylenetetramine (hexa) content on the rheological features, pyrolysis reactions, mass-loss kinetics and char yield for two phenolic resins, each with different novolak-hexa mixtures from 0 wt.-% to 15 wt.-%. Curing and viscosity of resins was studie...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Advanced manufacturing. Polymer & composites science 2023-01, Vol.9 (1)
Main Authors: Wich, Felix, Flauder, Stefan, Schneider, Natalie, Fleck, Michael, Langhof, Nico, Krenkel, Walter, Schafföner, Stefan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Carbon
char yield
Curing
evolved gas analysis
Gases
hexa
Hexamethylenetetramine
Mixtures
Molecular weight
NMR
Novolacs
novolak
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Phenol
Phenolic resins
Phenols
Polymers
processing
Pyrolysis
Resins
Rheological properties
Rheology
Temperature
Viscosity
VOCs
Volatile organic compounds
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Summary:This work investigates the influence of the hexamethylenetetramine (hexa) content on the rheological features, pyrolysis reactions, mass-loss kinetics and char yield for two phenolic resins, each with different novolak-hexa mixtures from 0 wt.-% to 15 wt.-%. Curing and viscosity of resins was studied using a rheometer. Pyrolysis, evolved gases and char yield were investigated with TG-FTIR-GC/MS. The obtained results show that the curing of resins shifts to lower temperatures whereas the viscosity and the residual carbon amount both increase with increasing hexa-contents. The presented data suggests a hexa-induced microgel formation for phenolic resins. Models for viscosity and char yield were developed and present a valuable tool to tailor the resin-hardener mixture for the desired application, enable a more efficient processing technology and contribute to a deeper understanding of the pyrolysis of novolak resins.
ISSN:2055-0340
2055-0359
DOI:10.1080/20550340.2023.2187687