Pathophysiology of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): A Review on Oxidative Disorders

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disease that affects a wide range of the world's population, reaching up to 200 million individuals worldwide. PAD particularly affects elderly individuals (>65 years old). PAD is often underdiagnosed or underestimated, although specifi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2020-06, Vol.21 (12), p.4393
Main Authors: Signorelli, Salvatore Santo, Marino, Elisa, Scuto, Salvatore, Di Raimondo, Domenico
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Ankle
Antioxidants
Apoptosis
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Biochemistry
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - metabolism
Cardiovascular diseases
Cytokines
Disease
Early Diagnosis
Enzymes
Exercise
Gene expression
Heme
heme oxygenase
Heme Oxygenase-1 - metabolism
Humans
Inflammation
Intermittent claudication
Ischemia
Metabolism
Muscle contraction
Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism
Muscles
Musculoskeletal system
Nitric oxide
Oxidation
Oxidative Stress
Oxygenase
Pain
Pathophysiology
peripheral arterial disease
Peripheral Arterial Disease - diagnosis
Peripheral Arterial Disease - metabolism
Peripheral Arterial Disease - therapy
Physical exercise
Review
Skeletal muscle
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Summary:Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disease that affects a wide range of the world's population, reaching up to 200 million individuals worldwide. PAD particularly affects elderly individuals (>65 years old). PAD is often underdiagnosed or underestimated, although specificity in diagnosis is shown by an ankle/brachial approach, and the high cardiovascular event risk that affected the PAD patients. A number of pathophysiologic pathways operate in chronic arterial ischemia of lower limbs, giving the possibility to improve therapeutic strategies and the outcome of patients. This review aims to provide a well detailed description of such fundamental issues as physical exercise, biochemistry of physical exercise, skeletal muscle in PAD, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in PAD, and antioxidants in PAD. These issues are closely related to the oxidative stress in PAD. We want to draw attention to the pathophysiologic pathways that are considered to be beneficial in order to achieve more effective options to treat PAD patients.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms21124393