Oxy-Inflammation in Humans during Underwater Activities

Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O availability. This review explores the oxidative stress mechanisms and related inflammation status...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2024-03, Vol.25 (5), p.3060
Main Authors: Vezzoli, Alessandra, Mrakic-Sposta, Simona, Brizzolari, Andrea, Balestra, Costantino, Camporesi, Enrico Maria, Bosco, Gerardo
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
breath-hold diving
closed-circuit rebreather
Cytokines
Exercise
Homeostasis
Hyperoxia
Hypoxia
Inflammation
Ischemia
Kinases
Lungs
Metabolism
Neutrophils
Nitric oxide
Nucleic acids
oxidants
Oxidative stress
Physical fitness
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Proteins
reactive oxygen species
Regulation
Review
Sapropterin dihydrochloride
saturation diving
SCUBA
Scuba & skin diving
Sea level
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Summary:Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O availability. This review explores the oxidative stress mechanisms and related inflammation status (Oxy-Inflammation) in underwater activities such as breath-hold (BH) diving, Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) diving, and saturation diving. Divers are exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, amplified by environmental conditions, hyperbaric pressure, cold water, different types of breathing gases, and air/non-air mixtures. The "diving response", including physiological adaptation, cardiovascular stress, increased arterial blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction, altered blood gas values, and risk of bubble formation during decompression, are reported.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms25053060