Ligands as Stabilizers of G-Quadruplexes in Non-Coding RNAs

The non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are RNA transcripts with different sizes, structures and biological functions that do not encode functional proteins. RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) have been found in small and long ncRNAs. The existence of an equilibrium between rG4 and stem-loop structures in ncRNAs and its...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2021-10, Vol.26 (20), p.6164
Main Authors: Figueiredo, Joana, Santos, Tiago, Miranda, André, Alexandre, Daniela, Teixeira, Bernardo, Simões, Pedro, Lopes-Nunes, Jéssica, Cruz, Carla
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biological activity
Biological effects
Cancer
Chromosomes
Deregulation
DNA damage
Functionals
G-Quadruplexes - drug effects
Gene expression
Humans
Inverted Repeat Sequences - genetics
Inverted Repeat Sequences - physiology
Ligands
MicroRNAs
MicroRNAs - genetics
miRNA
miRNA biogenesis
Non-coding RNA
non-coding RNAs
Proteins
Review
RNA G-quadruplex
RNA, Messenger - genetics
RNA, Untranslated - chemistry
RNA, Untranslated - metabolism
Telomerase
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Summary:The non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are RNA transcripts with different sizes, structures and biological functions that do not encode functional proteins. RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s) have been found in small and long ncRNAs. The existence of an equilibrium between rG4 and stem-loop structures in ncRNAs and its effect on biological processes remains unexplored. For example, deviation from the stem-loop leads to deregulated mature miRNA levels, demonstrating that miRNA biogenesis can be modulated by ions or small molecules. In light of this, we report several examples of rG4s in certain types of ncRNAs, and the implications of G4 stabilization using small molecules, also known as G4 ligands, in the regulation of gene expression, miRNA biogenesis, and miRNA-mRNA interactions. Until now, different G4 ligands scaffolds were synthesized for these targets. The regulatory role of the above-mentioned rG4s in ncRNAs can be used as novel therapeutic approaches for adjusting miRNA levels.
ISSN:1420-3049
1420-3049
DOI:10.3390/molecules26206164