Toll-like Receptor Mediation in SARS-CoV-2: A Therapeutic Approach

The innate immune system facilitates defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion and cell damage. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of the innate immune system by binding to pathogenic ligands. This leads to the generation of intracellular signaling cascades including the biosynth...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-09, Vol.23 (18), p.10716
Main Authors: Manan, Abdul, Pirzada, Rameez Hassan, Haseeb, Muhammad, Choi, Sangdun
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
antiviral
Antiviral agents
Antiviral Agents - pharmacology
Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use
Biosynthesis
Cell membranes
Chemical compounds
Chemokines
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Cytokines
Cytokines - metabolism
Enzymes
Genomes
Glycoproteins
Humans
Immune response
Immune system
Immunity, Innate
Immunosuppressive agents
Infections
Inflammation
Inflammatory response
Innate immunity
Interferon
Interferon Type I
Intracellular signalling
Ligands
Pandemics
Pathogens
Pharmacology
Proteins
Review
RNA polymerase
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Signal transduction
TLR
Toll-Like Receptors
Transcription factors
Viral infections
Viruses
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Description
Summary:The innate immune system facilitates defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion and cell damage. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of the innate immune system by binding to pathogenic ligands. This leads to the generation of intracellular signaling cascades including the biosynthesis of molecular mediators. TLRs on cell membranes are adept at recognizing viral components. Viruses can modulate the innate immune response with the help of proteins and RNAs that downregulate or upregulate the expression of various TLRs. In the case of COVID-19, molecular modulators such as type 1 interferons interfere with signaling pathways in the host cells, leading to an inflammatory response. Coronaviruses are responsible for an enhanced immune signature of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. TLRs have been employed as therapeutic agents in viral infections as numerous antiviral Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs are TLR agonists. This review highlights the therapeutic approaches associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the TLRs involved in COVID-19 infection.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms231810716