Exercise‐induced potentiation of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response: Neural mechanisms and implications for cerebral blood flow

• Published in: Experimental physiology 2024-11, Vol.109 (11), p.1844-1855
• Main Authors: Oliveira, Diogo M., Rashid, Anas, Brassard, Patrice, Silva, Bruno M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Blood flow; brain; breathing; Carbon dioxide; Cerebral blood flow; Cerebrovascular Circulation - physiology; Cerebrum; Chemoreception (internal); Chemoreceptors (internal); Cognitive ability; Exercise - physiology; exertion; Humans; Hyperventilation; hypocapnia; Hypoxia; Hypoxia - physiopathology; Muscle, Skeletal - physiopathology; Potentiation; Pulmonary Ventilation - physiology; reflex; Review; Sensory neurons; Skeletal muscle; synergism; Ventilatory behavior
• ISSN: 0958-0670; 1469-445X; 1469-445X
• DOI: 10.1113/EP091330

A given dose of hypoxia causes a greater increase in pulmonary ventilation during physical exercise than during rest, representing an exercise‐induced potentiation of the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). This phenomenon occurs independently from hypoxic blood entering the contracting skeletal muscle circulation or metabolic byproducts leaving skeletal muscles, supporting the contention that neural mechanisms per se can mediate the HVR when humoral mechanisms are not at play. However, multiple neural mechanisms might be interacting intricately. First, we discuss the neural mechanisms involved in the ventilatory response to hypoxic exercise and their potential interactions. Current evidence does not support an interaction between the carotid chemoreflex and central command. In contrast, findings from some studies support synergistic interactions between the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechano‐ and metaboreflexes. Second, we propose hypotheses about potential mechanisms underlying neural interactions, including spatial and temporal summation of afferent signals into the medulla, short‐term potentiation and sympathetically induced activation of the carotid chemoreceptors. Lastly, we ponder how exercise‐induced potentiation of the HVR results in hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia, which influences cerebral blood flow regulation, with multifaceted potential consequences, including deleterious (increased central fatigue and impaired cognitive performance), inert (unchanged exercise) and beneficial effects (protection against excessive cerebral perfusion). What is the topic of this review? What neural mechanisms are involved in the ventilatory response to hypoxic exercise and do they interact? What are the mechanisms underlying neural interactions during hypoxic exercise? What advances does it highlight? Current evidence does not support an interaction between the carotid chemoreflex and central command. In contrast, findings from some studies support synergistic interactions between the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechano‐ and metaboreflexes. Medullary signal summation, short‐term potentiation and sympathetic carotid chemoreceptor activation probably contribute to potentiation of the hypoxic ventilatory response during exercise, impacting cerebral blood flow and oxygenation via hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnia.