Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Host Restriction of Insect-Specific Viruses

Arthropod-borne viruses contribute significantly to global mortality and morbidity in humans and animals. These viruses are mainly transmitted between susceptible vertebrate hosts by hematophagous arthropod vectors, especially mosquitoes. Recently, there has been substantial attention for a novel gr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Viruses 2020-08, Vol.12 (9), p.964
Main Authors: Elrefaey, Ahmed Me, Abdelnabi, Rana, Rosales Rosas, Ana Lucia, Wang, Lanjiao, Basu, Sanjay, Delang, Leen
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
arbovirus
Arboviruses - classification
Arboviruses - genetics
Arboviruses - isolation & purification
Arboviruses - physiology
Arthropods
Arthropods - classification
Arthropods - physiology
Arthropods - virology
Biological control
Disease transmission
Epidemics
flavivirus
Genomes
host restriction
Host Specificity
Humans
Infections
Insect Viruses - classification
Insect Viruses - genetics
Insect Viruses - isolation & purification
Insect Viruses - physiology
insect-specific virus
Invertebrates
Morbidity
mosquito
mosquito-specific virus
Mosquitoes
Mutation
Pathogenesis
Phylogenetics
Replication
Review
Vectors
Viral infections
Virus Diseases - transmission
Virus Diseases - virology
Viruses
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Description
Summary:Arthropod-borne viruses contribute significantly to global mortality and morbidity in humans and animals. These viruses are mainly transmitted between susceptible vertebrate hosts by hematophagous arthropod vectors, especially mosquitoes. Recently, there has been substantial attention for a novel group of viruses, referred to as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) which are exclusively maintained in mosquito populations. Recent discoveries of novel insect-specific viruses over the past years generated a great interest not only in their potential use as vaccine and diagnostic platforms but also as novel biological control agents due to their ability to modulate arbovirus transmission. While arboviruses infect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, the replication of insect-specific viruses is restricted in vertebrates at multiple stages of virus replication. The vertebrate restriction factors include the genetic elements of ISVs (structural and non-structural genes and the untranslated terminal regions), vertebrate host factors (agonists and antagonists), and the temperature-dependent microenvironment. A better understanding of these bottlenecks is thus warranted. In this review, we explore these factors and the complex interplay between ISVs and their hosts contributing to this host restriction phenomenon.
ISSN:1999-4915
1999-4915
DOI:10.3390/v12090964