Suboptimal birth spacing practice and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Sub-Saharan African countries: a multilevel mixed-effects modeling with robust Poisson regression

• Published in: Reproductive health 2023-09, Vol.20 (1), p.1-132, Article 132
• Main Authors: Mare, Kusse Urmale, Sabo, Kebede Gemeda, Mohammed, Ahmed Adem, Leyto, Simeon Meskele, Mulaw, Getahun Fentaw, Tebeje, Tsion Mulat, Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara, Ebrahim, Oumer Abdulkadir, Wuneh, Abel Gebre, Seifu, Beminate Lemma
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abortion; Age; Analysis; Anemia; Birth intervals; Births; Childrens health; Contraceptives; Datasets; Family planning; Fertility; Health aspects; Households; Maternal & child health; Methods; Multilevel modeling; Predictors; Pregnancy; Regression analysis; Reproductive health; Reproductive-age women; Robust Poisson regression; Social service; Sub-Saharan Africa; Suboptimal birth spacing; Surveys; Variables; Women; Womens health
• ISSN: 1742-4755; 1742-4755
• DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01678-w

Background Despite the availability of exempted family planning services, a significant proportion of women in African countries continue to experience inadequately spaced pregnancies. To the authors' knowledge, evidence of suboptimal birth intervals at the SSA level is lacking and previous studies have been limited to specific geographic area. Therefore, this analysis was aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of suboptimal birth spacing and its predictors among childbearing women in SSA. Methods Pooled DHS data from 35 SSA countries were used and a weighted sample of 221,098 reproductive-age women was considered in the analysis. The survey across all countries employed a cross-sectional study design and collected data on basic sociodemographic characteristics and different health indicators. Forest plot was used to present the overall and country-level prevalence of suboptimal birth spacing. Multilevel mixed-effects models with robust Poisson regression were fitted to identify the predictors of suboptimal birth spacing. Akaike's and Bayesian information criteria and deviance were used to compare the models. In a multivariable regression model, a p-value less than 0.05 and an adjusted prevalence ratio with the corresponding 95% CI were used to assess the statistical significance of the explanatory variables. Results The pooled prevalence of suboptimal birth spacing among women in SSA was 43.91% (43.71%-44.11%), with South Africa having the lowest prevalence (23.25%) and Chad having the highest (59.28%). It was also found that 14 of the 35 countries had a prevalence above the average for SSA. Rural residence [APR (95% CI) = 1.10 (1.12-1.15)], non-exposure to media [APR (95% CI) = 1.08 (1.07-1.11)], younger maternal age [APR (95% CI) = 2.05 (2.01-2.09)], non-use of contraception [APR (95% CI) = 1.18 (1.16-1.20)], unmet need for family planning [APR (95% CI) = 1.04 (1.03-1.06)], higher birth order [APR (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.28-1.34)], and desire to have at least six children [APR (95% CI) = 1.14 (1.13-1.16)] were the predictors of suboptimal birth spacing practice. Conclusion More than four out of ten reproductive-age women in SSA countries gave birth to a subsequent child earlier than the recommended birth spacing, with considerable variations across the countries. Thus, interventions designed at enhancing optimal birth spacing should pay particular attention to young and socioeconomically disadvantaged women and those residing in rural regions. Strengthening