Carbohydrate Kinases: A Conserved Mechanism Across Differing Folds

Carbohydrate kinases activate a wide variety of monosaccharides by adding a phosphate group, usually from ATP. This modification is fundamental to saccharide utilization, and it is likely a very ancient reaction. Modern organisms contain carbohydrate kinases from at least five main protein families....

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Catalysts 2019-01, Vol.9 (1), p.29
Main Authors: Roy, Sumita, Vivoli Vega, Mirella, Harmer, Nicholas J.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adenosine diphosphate
Aspartic acid
Binding sites
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrates
Carbon
Catalysis
Catalysts
Chains
Chemical reactions
Enzymes
Functional groups
GHMP kinases
Glucose
hexokinases
Hydrogen bonds
Kinases
Monosaccharides
Mutation
phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases
Phosphorylation
Proteins
Regulation
ROK kinases
Substrates
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Summary:Carbohydrate kinases activate a wide variety of monosaccharides by adding a phosphate group, usually from ATP. This modification is fundamental to saccharide utilization, and it is likely a very ancient reaction. Modern organisms contain carbohydrate kinases from at least five main protein families. These range from the highly specialized inositol kinases, to the ribokinases and galactokinases, which belong to families that phosphorylate a wide range of substrates. The carbohydrate kinases utilize a common strategy to drive the reaction between the sugar hydroxyl and the donor phosphate. Each sugar is held in position by a network of hydrogen bonds to the non-reactive hydroxyls (and other functional groups). The reactive hydroxyl is deprotonated, usually by an aspartic acid side chain acting as a catalytic base. The deprotonated hydroxyl then attacks the donor phosphate. The resulting pentacoordinate transition state is stabilized by an adjacent divalent cation, and sometimes by a positively charged protein side chain or the presence of an anion hole. Many carbohydrate kinases are allosterically regulated using a wide variety of strategies, due to their roles at critical control points in carbohydrate metabolism. The evolution of a similar mechanism in several folds highlights the elegance and simplicity of the catalytic scheme.
ISSN:2073-4344
2073-4344
DOI:10.3390/catal9010029