Walnut Oil Oleogels as Milk Fat Replacing System for Commercially Available Chocolate Butter

• Published in: Gels 2022-09, Vol.8 (10), p.613
• Main Authors: Pușcaș, Andreea, Tanislav, Anda Elena, Mureșan, Andruţa Elena, Fărcaș, Anca Corina, Mureșan, Vlad
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animal fat; Butter; Candelilla wax; Carbohydrates; chocolate butter; Colorimetry; Cream; Dairy industry; Dairy products; Fatty acids; Food products; Fourier transforms; Gels; Hardness; Hydrogen bonding; Milk; monoglyceride; Oils & fats; Palm oil; Rheological properties; Shear thinning (liquids); Spectra; structural properties; Sunflower oil; Vegetable oils; walnut oil oleogels; wax; Waxes
• ISSN: 2310-2861; 2310-2861
• DOI: 10.3390/gels8100613

A breakfast spread named chocolate butter exists on the market. For economic and technological reasons, cream in the original recipe is replaced with vegetable oils such as palm oil or by partially hydrogenated sunflower oil. The study aims to reformulate chocolate flavor butter, using cold pressed walnut oil (WO) oleogels (OGs) structured with 10% waxes and monoglyceride (MG), as a milk fat replacing system. The rheological, textural and microscopic characteristics of the oleogels and the spreads were compared. Oil binding capacity (OBC) and colorimetry were also assessed. Fourier transform infrared studies were used to monitor the composition of the samples. Oleogels and oleogel based chocolate butter behaved like strong gels (G’ > G”). The use of candelilla wax (CW) led to the formation of a much firmer spread (S-CW), with a hardness of 3521 g and G’LVR of 139,920 Pa, while the monoglyceride-based spread (S-MG) registered a hardness of 1136 g and G’LVR 89,952 Pa. In the spreadability test, S-CW registered a hardness of 3376 g and hardness work of 113 mJ, comparable to the commercially available chocolate butter. The formulated spreads exhibited shear thinning effects, and increased viscosity with decreasing temperature. A large round peak at 3340 cm−1 was present in the spectra of the candelilla wax-based oleogel (OG-CW) and the reference spreads due to hydrogen bonding, but was absent in S-CW or S-MG. The FTIR spectra of the alternative spreads exhibited the same peaks as the WO and the oleogels, but with differences in the intensities. S-CW exhibited a dense crystal network, with spherulitic crystals of 0.66−1.73 µm, which were statistically similar to those of the reference made from cream (S-cream). S-MG exhibited the lowest stability upon centrifugation, with an OBC of 99.76%. Overall, both oleogel-based chocolate spreads can mimic the properties of the commercially existing chocolate butter references.