λ-Carrageenan Suppresses Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf Viroid (TCDVd) Replication and Symptom Expression in Tomatoes

The effect of carrageenans on tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) replication and symptom expression was studied. Three-week-old tomato plants were spray-treated with iota(ɩ)-, lambda(λ)-, and kappa(κ)-carrageenan at 1 g·L-1 and inoculated with TCDVd after 48 h. The λ-carrageenan significantly sup...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Marine drugs 2015-05, Vol.13 (5), p.2875-2889
Main Authors: Sangha, Jatinder S, Kandasamy, Saveetha, Khan, Wajahatullah, Bahia, Navratan Singh, Singh, Rudra P, Critchley, Alan T, Prithiviraj, Balakrishnan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Carrageenan - pharmacology
carrageenans
Cyclopentanes - metabolism
DNA Replication - drug effects
induced resistance
Intramolecular Oxidoreductases - genetics
Lipoxygenase - genetics
Lycopersicon esculentum
Oxylipins - metabolism
Plant Diseases - genetics
Plant Diseases - virology
Proteome - genetics
Solanum lycopersicum - genetics
Solanum lycopersicum - metabolism
Solanum lycopersicum - virology
tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd)
Up-Regulation - drug effects
Up-Regulation - genetics
Viroids - drug effects
Viroids - genetics
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Summary:The effect of carrageenans on tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) replication and symptom expression was studied. Three-week-old tomato plants were spray-treated with iota(ɩ)-, lambda(λ)-, and kappa(κ)-carrageenan at 1 g·L-1 and inoculated with TCDVd after 48 h. The λ-carrageenan significantly suppressed viroid symptom expression after eight weeks of inoculation, only 28% plants showed distinctive bunchy-top symptoms as compared to the 82% in the control group. Viroid concentration was reduced in the infected shoot cuttings incubated in λ-carrageenan amended growth medium. Proteome analysis revealed that 16 tomato proteins were differentially expressed in the λ-carrageenan treated plants. Jasmonic acid related genes, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and lipoxygenase (LOX), were up-regulated in λ-carrageenan treatment during viroid infection. Taken together, our results suggest that λ-carrageenan induced tomato defense against TCDVd, which was partly jasmonic acid (JA) dependent, and that it could be explored in plant protection against viroid infection.
ISSN:1660-3397
1660-3397
DOI:10.3390/md13052875