Thermography as an aid for the complementary diagnosis of nodules in the thyroid gland

• Published in: Biomedical engineering online 2022-06, Vol.21 (1), p.1-41, Article 41
• Main Authors: de Camargo, Viviane Magas Bittencourt, Ulbricht, Leandra, Coninck, Jose Carlos Pereira, Ripka, Wagner Luis, Gamba, Humberto Remigio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biopsy; Cold; Complementary diagnosis; Cooling; Data analysis; Diagnosis; Dynamic thermography; Evaluation; Image processing; Infrared analysis; Infrared imaging; Ionizing radiation; Medical examination; Medical imaging; Methods; Nodules; Physiology; Radiation; Statistical analysis; Statistical tests; Stress; Thermodynamic properties; Thermography; Thermography (Copying process); Thyroid; Thyroid cancer; Thyroid gland; Thyroid nodule; Tissue analysis; Tissues; Tumors; Ultrasonic imaging
• ISSN: 1475-925X; 1475-925X
• DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-01009-3

Considering the estimate that thyroid cancer will become the fourth most prevalent type of tumor, improving its diagnosis is a necessity. The gold standard for evaluating thyroid nodules is ultrasound followed by biopsy. These tests, however, have limitations, especially in nodules smaller than 0.5 cm. Dynamic infrared thermography is an imaging method that does not require ionizing radiation or contrast injection. The aim of the study was to analyze the thermal behavior of thyroid nodules through infrared thermography using the cold stress protocol. The Wilcoxon test showed thermal differences between groups (control and healthy, p < 0.001). The difference in the thermal behavior of the nodular tissues was evidenced by the longitudinal analysis. When comparing the nodules, it was possible to verify that the beginnings of tissue heating is significant (p = 0.001). In addition, the variability analysis showed a "well" effect, which occurred in period t-1 (pre-cooling time) to period t = 3 (time three minutes). Benign nodules had a variation ratio of 1.81 compared to malignant nodules. Benign nodules present a different thermal behavior than malignant nodules, and both present different behavior than normal tissue. For the analysis of nodules, the protocol used with cold stress, dynamic thermography and the inclusion of time t-1 were essential for the differentiation of nodules in the thyroid gland. Therefore, we recommend the continuance of these parameters for future studies. Thirty-three individuals with nodules in the thyroid region and nine healthy individuals participated in this descriptive exploratory study. In total, 42 nodules were evaluated, 11 malignant and 31 benign. The region of interest was exposed to cold stress for 30 s. First, the image was captured before the cold stress and subsequently, the images were assessed every 30 s, over a 10-min time period after cold stress. The perfusion and the thermal behavior of the tissues were evaluated by longitudinal analysis based on the number of pixels in each time period. The statistical tests of Wilcoxon, F-Snedecor and longitudinal models would assist in data analysis.