Comparison of ten formulae for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with direct low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement

ABSTRACT Background: Accurate lipid profile assessment, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement, is crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The widely used Friedewald formula for LDL-C calculation has limitations, prompting the exploration of alternat...

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Published in:Current medicine research and practice 2024-09, Vol.14 (5), p.192-199
Main Authors: Nair, Suriyan S, Kiran, Reshma, Jisna, K. K, Prathima, M. B, Sushith, P, D'sa, Janice
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis and chemistry
Blood
Blood cholesterol
Cardiovascular diseases
cholesterol
Diagnosis
lipoproteins
Liver diseases
Low density lipoproteins
low-density lipoprotein
Triglycerides
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container_title Current medicine research and practice
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creator Nair, Suriyan S
Kiran, Reshma
Jisna, K. K
Prathima, M. B
Sushith, P
D'sa, Janice
description ABSTRACT Background: Accurate lipid profile assessment, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement, is crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The widely used Friedewald formula for LDL-C calculation has limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative equations. Aims: This study aims to compare ten LDL-C calculation formulas with direct measurement among study participants attending a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: Conducted from September 2021 to July 2022 at a tertiary healthcare centre in India, the study involved 114 participants aged 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were high-serum triglyceride (TG) levels, renal failure, diabetes, liver diseases or unwillingness to participate. Blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and LDL-C. The very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was calculated. The LDL-C formulas evaluated were Friedewald, Anandaraja, De Cordova, Vujovic, Ahmadi, Puavillai, Chen, Hattori, Martin-Hopkin and Sampson. Results: Vujovic's formula showed a negligible mean difference and strong correlation (r = 0.916, P < 0.001) with direct LDL-C estimation across TG concentrations. Sampson's formula performed best for TG
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K ; Prathima, M. B ; Sushith, P ; D'sa, Janice</creator><creatorcontrib>Nair, Suriyan S ; Kiran, Reshma ; Jisna, K. K ; Prathima, M. B ; Sushith, P ; D'sa, Janice</creatorcontrib><description>ABSTRACT Background: Accurate lipid profile assessment, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement, is crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The widely used Friedewald formula for LDL-C calculation has limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative equations. Aims: This study aims to compare ten LDL-C calculation formulas with direct measurement among study participants attending a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: Conducted from September 2021 to July 2022 at a tertiary healthcare centre in India, the study involved 114 participants aged 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were high-serum triglyceride (TG) levels, renal failure, diabetes, liver diseases or unwillingness to participate. Blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and LDL-C. The very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was calculated. The LDL-C formulas evaluated were Friedewald, Anandaraja, De Cordova, Vujovic, Ahmadi, Puavillai, Chen, Hattori, Martin-Hopkin and Sampson. Results: Vujovic's formula showed a negligible mean difference and strong correlation (r = 0.916, P &lt; 0.001) with direct LDL-C estimation across TG concentrations. Sampson's formula performed best for TG &lt;150 mg/dL, whereas Vujovic's formula excelled for 151-399 mg/dL TG concentrations. All formulas were highly correlated with direct LDL-C levels (P &lt; 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis indicated Vujovic's formula as the closest match to direct measurement, with a mean bias of -1.42 ± 20.59 mg/dL. Conclusion: Vujovic's formula demonstrated the slightest difference and strong correlation with direct LDL-C measurement, outperforming other formulas. This finding enhances the accuracy of LDL-C assessment and improves CVD risk management in clinical practice. Keywords: Cholesterol, lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein</description><identifier>ISSN: 2352-0817</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.4103/cmrp.cmrp_98_24</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</publisher><subject>Analysis and chemistry ; Blood ; Blood cholesterol ; Cardiovascular diseases ; cholesterol ; Diagnosis ; lipoproteins ; Liver diseases ; Low density lipoproteins ; low-density lipoprotein ; Triglycerides</subject><ispartof>Current medicine research and practice, 2024-09, Vol.14 (5), p.192-199</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. 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B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sushith, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>D'sa, Janice</creatorcontrib><title>Comparison of ten formulae for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with direct low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement</title><title>Current medicine research and practice</title><description>ABSTRACT Background: Accurate lipid profile assessment, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement, is crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The widely used Friedewald formula for LDL-C calculation has limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative equations. Aims: This study aims to compare ten LDL-C calculation formulas with direct measurement among study participants attending a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: Conducted from September 2021 to July 2022 at a tertiary healthcare centre in India, the study involved 114 participants aged 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were high-serum triglyceride (TG) levels, renal failure, diabetes, liver diseases or unwillingness to participate. Blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and LDL-C. The very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was calculated. The LDL-C formulas evaluated were Friedewald, Anandaraja, De Cordova, Vujovic, Ahmadi, Puavillai, Chen, Hattori, Martin-Hopkin and Sampson. Results: Vujovic's formula showed a negligible mean difference and strong correlation (r = 0.916, P &lt; 0.001) with direct LDL-C estimation across TG concentrations. Sampson's formula performed best for TG &lt;150 mg/dL, whereas Vujovic's formula excelled for 151-399 mg/dL TG concentrations. All formulas were highly correlated with direct LDL-C levels (P &lt; 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis indicated Vujovic's formula as the closest match to direct measurement, with a mean bias of -1.42 ± 20.59 mg/dL. Conclusion: Vujovic's formula demonstrated the slightest difference and strong correlation with direct LDL-C measurement, outperforming other formulas. This finding enhances the accuracy of LDL-C assessment and improves CVD risk management in clinical practice. 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B ; Sushith, P ; D'sa, Janice</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1731-6c2fe1f980ad8842adcf677d886bf281f9e7e84df015c3d43bc631f282d97d433</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Analysis and chemistry</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Blood cholesterol</topic><topic>Cardiovascular diseases</topic><topic>cholesterol</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>lipoproteins</topic><topic>Liver diseases</topic><topic>Low density lipoproteins</topic><topic>low-density lipoprotein</topic><topic>Triglycerides</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Nair, Suriyan S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kiran, Reshma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jisna, K. K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prathima, M. B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sushith, P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>D'sa, Janice</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Current medicine research and practice</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Nair, Suriyan S</au><au>Kiran, Reshma</au><au>Jisna, K. K</au><au>Prathima, M. B</au><au>Sushith, P</au><au>D'sa, Janice</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Comparison of ten formulae for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with direct low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement</atitle><jtitle>Current medicine research and practice</jtitle><date>2024-09-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>192</spage><epage>199</epage><pages>192-199</pages><issn>2352-0817</issn><abstract>ABSTRACT Background: Accurate lipid profile assessment, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement, is crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The widely used Friedewald formula for LDL-C calculation has limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative equations. Aims: This study aims to compare ten LDL-C calculation formulas with direct measurement among study participants attending a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: Conducted from September 2021 to July 2022 at a tertiary healthcare centre in India, the study involved 114 participants aged 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were high-serum triglyceride (TG) levels, renal failure, diabetes, liver diseases or unwillingness to participate. Blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and LDL-C. The very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was calculated. The LDL-C formulas evaluated were Friedewald, Anandaraja, De Cordova, Vujovic, Ahmadi, Puavillai, Chen, Hattori, Martin-Hopkin and Sampson. Results: Vujovic's formula showed a negligible mean difference and strong correlation (r = 0.916, P &lt; 0.001) with direct LDL-C estimation across TG concentrations. Sampson's formula performed best for TG &lt;150 mg/dL, whereas Vujovic's formula excelled for 151-399 mg/dL TG concentrations. All formulas were highly correlated with direct LDL-C levels (P &lt; 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis indicated Vujovic's formula as the closest match to direct measurement, with a mean bias of -1.42 ± 20.59 mg/dL. Conclusion: Vujovic's formula demonstrated the slightest difference and strong correlation with direct LDL-C measurement, outperforming other formulas. This finding enhances the accuracy of LDL-C assessment and improves CVD risk management in clinical practice. Keywords: Cholesterol, lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein</abstract><pub>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</pub><doi>10.4103/cmrp.cmrp_98_24</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Analysis and chemistry
Blood
Blood cholesterol
Cardiovascular diseases
cholesterol
Diagnosis
lipoproteins
Liver diseases
Low density lipoproteins
low-density lipoprotein
Triglycerides
title Comparison of ten formulae for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with direct low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
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