Future Perspectives in Spinal Cord Repair: Brain as Saviour? TSCI with Concurrent TBI: Pathophysiological Interaction and Impact on MSC Treatment

Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), commonly caused by high energy trauma in young active patients, is frequently accompanied by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although combined trauma results in inferior clinical outcomes and a higher mortality rate, the understanding of the pathophysiological inte...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2021-10, Vol.10 (11), p.2955
Main Authors: Köhli, Paul, Otto, Ellen, Jahn, Denise, Reisener, Marie-Jacqueline, Appelt, Jessika, Rahmani, Adibeh, Taheri, Nima, Keller, Johannes, Pumberger, Matthias, Tsitsilonis, Serafeim
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Angiogenesis
Blood-brain barrier
Brain - pathology
Brain damage
Brain Injuries, Traumatic - complications
Brain Injuries, Traumatic - physiopathology
Circadian Rhythm - physiology
Circadian rhythms
Contusions
Edema
Extracellular matrix
Fractures
Homeostasis
Humans
Immune response
Inflammation
Intensive care
Ischemia
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
Mesenchymal stem cells
Mesenchyme
MSC
Nervous system
Pathophysiology
Perfusion
Review
Spinal cord injuries
Spinal Cord Injuries - physiopathology
Spinal Cord Injuries - therapy
Spinal Cord Regeneration
Stem cells
TBI
Trauma
Traumatic brain injury
traumatic spinal cord injury
TSCI
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Summary:Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), commonly caused by high energy trauma in young active patients, is frequently accompanied by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although combined trauma results in inferior clinical outcomes and a higher mortality rate, the understanding of the pathophysiological interaction of co-occurring TSCI and TBI remains limited. This review provides a detailed overview of the local and systemic alterations due to TSCI and TBI, which severely affect the autonomic and sensory nervous system, immune response, the blood-brain and spinal cord barrier, local perfusion, endocrine homeostasis, posttraumatic metabolism, and circadian rhythm. Because currently developed mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapeutic strategies for TSCI provide only mild benefit, this review raises awareness of the impact of TSCI-TBI interaction on TSCI pathophysiology and MSC treatment. Therefore, we propose that unravelling the underlying pathophysiology of TSCI with concomitant TBI will reveal promising pharmacological targets and therapeutic strategies for regenerative therapies, further improving MSC therapy.
ISSN:2073-4409
2073-4409
DOI:10.3390/cells10112955