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Modeling Softening Kinetics at Cellular Scale and Phytochemicals Extractability in Cauliflower under Different Cooking Treatments
The effects induced by heat on Depurple and Cheddar (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) during boiling, steaming, and sous-vide were investigated to elucidate the role of the basic cellular elements in softening and extractability of sterols and tocopherols. With this aim, an elastoplastic mechanic...
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Published in: | Foods 2021-08, Vol.10 (9), p.1969 |
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container_issue | 9 |
container_start_page | 1969 |
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creator | Nartea, Ancuta Falcone, Pasquale Massimiliano Torri, Luisa Ghanbarzadeh, Babak Frega, Natale Giuseppe Pacetti, Deborah |
description | The effects induced by heat on Depurple and Cheddar (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) during boiling, steaming, and sous-vide were investigated to elucidate the role of the basic cellular elements in softening and extractability of sterols and tocopherols. With this aim, an elastoplastic mechanical model was conceptualized at a cell scale-size and validated under creep experiments. The total amount of the phytochemicals was used to validate multivariate regression models in forecasting. Boiling was the most effective method to enhance the softening mechanisms causing tissue decompartmentalization through cell wall loosening with respect to those causing cell separation, having no impact on the phytochemical extractability. Sous-vide showed the lowest impact on cell wall integrity, but the highest in terms of cell separation. Steaming showed an intermediate behavior. Tissue of the Depurple cauliflower was the most resistant to the heat, irrespectively to the heating technology. Local heterogeneity in the cell wall and cell membrane, expected as a plant variety-dependent functional property, was proposed as a possible explanation because sterol extractability under lower heat-transfer efficiency, i.e., steaming and sous-vide, decreased in Depurple and increased in Cheddar as well as because the extractability of sterols and tocopherols was greater in Cheddar. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/foods10091969 |
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With this aim, an elastoplastic mechanical model was conceptualized at a cell scale-size and validated under creep experiments. The total amount of the phytochemicals was used to validate multivariate regression models in forecasting. Boiling was the most effective method to enhance the softening mechanisms causing tissue decompartmentalization through cell wall loosening with respect to those causing cell separation, having no impact on the phytochemical extractability. Sous-vide showed the lowest impact on cell wall integrity, but the highest in terms of cell separation. Steaming showed an intermediate behavior. Tissue of the Depurple cauliflower was the most resistant to the heat, irrespectively to the heating technology. Local heterogeneity in the cell wall and cell membrane, expected as a plant variety-dependent functional property, was proposed as a possible explanation because sterol extractability under lower heat-transfer efficiency, i.e., steaming and sous-vide, decreased in Depurple and increased in Cheddar as well as because the extractability of sterols and tocopherols was greater in Cheddar.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2304-8158</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2304-8158</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/foods10091969</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34574079</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Boiling ; Brassica ; Brassica oleracea botrytis ; Carotenoids ; Cauliflowers ; Cell membranes ; cell separation ; Cell size ; cell wall loosening ; Cell walls ; Cellulose ; colored cauliflower ; Cooking ; Elastoplasticity ; Food science ; Heat ; Heterogeneity ; Membranes ; Phytochemicals ; Polymers ; Regression analysis ; Regression models ; rheological properties ; Rheology ; Separation ; Softening ; Steaming ; Sterols ; Tocopherols</subject><ispartof>Foods, 2021-08, Vol.10 (9), p.1969</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Local heterogeneity in the cell wall and cell membrane, expected as a plant variety-dependent functional property, was proposed as a possible explanation because sterol extractability under lower heat-transfer efficiency, i.e., steaming and sous-vide, decreased in Depurple and increased in Cheddar as well as because the extractability of sterols and tocopherols was greater in Cheddar.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>34574079</pmid><doi>10.3390/foods10091969</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7223-4119</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0038-6383</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-6452</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Boiling Brassica Brassica oleracea botrytis Carotenoids Cauliflowers Cell membranes cell separation Cell size cell wall loosening Cell walls Cellulose colored cauliflower Cooking Elastoplasticity Food science Heat Heterogeneity Membranes Phytochemicals Polymers Regression analysis Regression models rheological properties Rheology Separation Softening Steaming Sterols Tocopherols |
title | Modeling Softening Kinetics at Cellular Scale and Phytochemicals Extractability in Cauliflower under Different Cooking Treatments |
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