Pseudohyphal Growth of the Emerging Pathogen Candida auris Is Triggered by Genotoxic Stress through the S Phase Checkpoint

• Published in: mSphere 2020-03, Vol.5 (2)
• Main Authors: Bravo Ruiz, Gustavo, Ross, Zoe K, Gow, Neil A R, Lorenz, Alexander
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptation, Physiological; Candida - drug effects; Candida - genetics; Candida - growth & development; Candida auris; Cell cycle; Cell size; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA, Fungal - genetics; Drugs; Editor's Pick; Environmental conditions; Filamentation; filamentous growth; Filaments; Flucytosine - pharmacology; Fungal infections; Fungi; Genotoxicity; Genotype & phenotype; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Hydroxyurea; Hydroxyurea - pharmacology; Hyphae; Hyphae - drug effects; Hyphae - growth & development; Immunosuppressive agents; Methyl methanesulfonate; Methyl Methanesulfonate - pharmacology; Microscopy; Molecular Biology and Physiology; Morphogenesis; Mrc1; Multidrug resistance; Mutagens - pharmacology; Pathogens; Pseudohyphae; Rad51; Rad9; Replication forks; S phase; S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints - drug effects; S phase checkpoint; Virulence; Yeast
• ISSN: 2379-5042; 2379-5042
• DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00151-20

The morphogenetic switching between yeast cells and filaments (true hyphae and pseudohyphae) is a key cellular feature required for full virulence in many polymorphic fungal pathogens, such as In the recently emerged yeast pathogen , occasional elongation of cells has been reported. However, environmental conditions and genetic triggers for filament formation have remained elusive. Here, we report that induction of DNA damage and perturbation of replication forks by treatment with genotoxins, such as hydroxyurea, methyl methanesulfonate, and the clinically relevant fungistatic 5-fluorocytosine, cause filamentation in The filaments formed were characteristic of pseudohyphae and not parallel-sided true hyphae. Pseudohyphal growth is apparently signaled through the S phase checkpoint and, interestingly, is Tup1 independent in Intriguingly, the morphogenetic switching capability is strain specific in , highlighting the heterogenous nature of the species as a whole. is a newly emerged fungal pathogen of humans. This species was first reported in 2009 when it was identified in an ear infection of a patient in Japan. However, despite intense interest in this organism as an often multidrug-resistant fungus, there is little knowledge about its cellular biology. During infection of human patients, fungi are able to change cell shape from ellipsoidal yeast cells to elongated filaments to adapt to various conditions within the host organism. There are different types of filaments, which are triggered by reactions to different cues. fails to form filaments when exposed to triggers that stimulate yeast filament morphogenesis in other fungi. Here, we show that it does form filaments when its DNA is damaged. These conditions might arise when cells interact with host immune cells or during growth in certain host tissues (kidney or bladder) or during treatment with antifungal drugs.