Immunonutritional Protease Inhibitors from T. durum and A. sativa Display Metabolic Similarities When Assayed on Human Macrophage-like Cells

This study evaluated the immunonutritional effects caused by protease inhibitors from Avena sativa and Triticum durum to human macrophage-like cells. Macrophages were exposed (3 h) to extracts obtained from flours, and mitochondrial-associated oxygen consumption rates and inflammatory, metabolic, an...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2021-08, Vol.22 (15), p.8307
Main Authors: Fotschki, Bartosz, Garcia Tejedor, Aurora, Nieto Fuentes, Juan Antonio, Laparra Llopis, Jose Moisés
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adaptation
Amino acids
Cell culture
Crop diseases
Eigenvalues
Glycolysis
Homeostasis
Hypoxia
immunity
immunonutrition
Inflammation
Kinases
Lactic acid
Liver
macrophage
Macrophages
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Metabolism
Mitochondria
oat
Oxygen consumption
Principal components analysis
Protease
Protease inhibitors
Proteinase inhibitors
Proteins
Proteomes
Similarity
TLR4 protein
Toll-like receptors
Triticum durum
Wheat
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Summary:This study evaluated the immunonutritional effects caused by protease inhibitors from Avena sativa and Triticum durum to human macrophage-like cells. Macrophages were exposed (3 h) to extracts obtained from flours, and mitochondrial-associated oxygen consumption rates and inflammatory, metabolic, and proteome adaptations were quantified. Mass spectrometry ‘m/z’ signals of the extracts obtained from T. durum and A. sativa revealed molecular weights of 18–35 kDa and 16–22 kDa, respectively, for the compounds present at highest concentrations. Extracts from T. durum exhibited lower susceptibility to degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes than those from A. sativa: 9.5% vs 20.2%. Despite their different botanical origin, both extracts increased TLR4 expression. Metabolic protein levels were indicative of a decreased glycolytic to lactate flux in cell cultures upon stimulation with A. sativa extracts, which improved mitochondrial respiration in relation to those from T. durum. Principal components analysis confirmed relative similarities between immune–metabolic events triggered by immunonutritional ingredients in T. durum and A. sativa. Collectively, immunonutritional effects help to interpret the differences between both crops, worsening or improving, macrophage immune reactivity (tolerogenicity), and better control of inflammatory processes.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms22158307