Loss to 5-year follow-up in the population-based Telemark Study: risk factors and potential for bias

ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterise participants lost to follow-up and identify possible factors associated with non-participation in a prospective population-based study of respiratory health in Norway. We also aimed to analyse the impact of potentially biased risk estimates associated with...

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Published in:BMJ open 2023-03, Vol.13 (3), p.e064311-e064311
Main Authors: Zivadinovic, Nikola, Abrahamsen, Regine, Pesonen, Maiju, Wagstaff, Anthony, Torén, Kjell, Henneberger, Paul K, Kongerud, Johny, Fell, Anne Kristin Moeller
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Asthma
Asthma - epidemiology
Bias
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Clinical Medicine
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Follow-Up Studies
Gases - adverse effects
Gender
Humans
Klinisk medicin
Lung diseases
Male
Molecular weight
OCCUPATIONAL & INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE
Occupational Exposure - adverse effects
Occupations
Population
Population-based studies
Prospective Studies
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - epidemiology
Questionnaires
RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (see Thoracic Medicine)
Response rates
Risk Factors
Socioeconomic factors
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cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b603t-11ddbd8a5edd033d8f49ca8ac575c2ad8c635cc3e8be7125b4d8e02602599dbe3
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container_title BMJ open
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creator Zivadinovic, Nikola
Abrahamsen, Regine
Pesonen, Maiju
Wagstaff, Anthony
Torén, Kjell
Henneberger, Paul K
Kongerud, Johny
Fell, Anne Kristin Moeller
description ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterise participants lost to follow-up and identify possible factors associated with non-participation in a prospective population-based study of respiratory health in Norway. We also aimed to analyse the impact of potentially biased risk estimates associated with a high proportion of non-responders.DesignProspective 5-year follow-up study.SettingRandomly selected inhabitants from the general population of Telemark County in south-eastern Norway were invited to fill in a postal questionnaire in 2013. Responders in 2013 were followed-up in 2018.Participants16 099 participants aged 16–50 years completed the baseline study. 7958 responded at the 5-year follow-up, while 7723 did not.Main outcome measuresχ2 test was performed to compare demographic and respiratory health-related characteristics between those who participated in 2018 and those who were lost to follow-up. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between loss to follow-up, background variables, respiratory symptoms, occupational exposure and interactions, and to analyse whether loss to follow-up leads to biased risk estimates.Results7723 (49%) participants were lost to follow-up. Loss to follow-up was significantly higher for male participants, those in the youngest age group (16–30 years), those in lowest education level category and among current smokers (all p
doi_str_mv 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064311
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We also aimed to analyse the impact of potentially biased risk estimates associated with a high proportion of non-responders.DesignProspective 5-year follow-up study.SettingRandomly selected inhabitants from the general population of Telemark County in south-eastern Norway were invited to fill in a postal questionnaire in 2013. Responders in 2013 were followed-up in 2018.Participants16 099 participants aged 16–50 years completed the baseline study. 7958 responded at the 5-year follow-up, while 7723 did not.Main outcome measuresχ2 test was performed to compare demographic and respiratory health-related characteristics between those who participated in 2018 and those who were lost to follow-up. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between loss to follow-up, background variables, respiratory symptoms, occupational exposure and interactions, and to analyse whether loss to follow-up leads to biased risk estimates.Results7723 (49%) participants were lost to follow-up. Loss to follow-up was significantly higher for male participants, those in the youngest age group (16–30 years), those in lowest education level category and among current smokers (all p&lt;0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, loss to follow-up was significantly associated with unemployment (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.46), reduced work ability (1.48, 1.35 to 1.60), asthma (1.22, 1.10 to 1.35), being woken by chest tightness (1.22, 1.11 to 1.34) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.81, 1.30 to 2.52). Participants with more respiratory symptoms and exposure to vapour, gas, dust and fumes (VGDF) (1.07 to 1.00–1.15), low-molecular weight (LMW) agents (1.19, 1.00 to 1.41) and irritating agents (1.15, 1.05 to 1.26) were more likely to be lost to follow-up. We found no statistically significant association of wheezing and exposure to LMW agents for all participants at baseline (1.11, 0.90 to 1.36), responders in 2018 (1.12, 0.83 to 1.53) and those lost to follow-up (1.07, 0.81 to 1.42).ConclusionThe risk factors for loss to 5-year follow-up were comparable to those reported in other population-based studies and included younger age, male gender, current smoking, lower educational level and higher symptom prevalence and morbidity. We found that exposure to VGDF, irritating and LMW agents can be risk factors associated with loss to follow-up. Results suggest that loss to follow-up did not affect estimates of occupational exposure as a risk factor for respiratory symptoms.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2044-6055</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2044-6055</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064311</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36997259</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: British Medical Journal Publishing Group</publisher><subject>Asthma ; Asthma - epidemiology ; Bias ; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; Clinical Medicine ; EPIDEMIOLOGY ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gases - adverse effects ; Gender ; Humans ; Klinisk medicin ; Lung diseases ; Male ; Molecular weight ; OCCUPATIONAL &amp; INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE ; Occupational Exposure - adverse effects ; Occupations ; Population ; Population-based studies ; Prospective Studies ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - epidemiology ; Questionnaires ; RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (see Thoracic Medicine) ; Response rates ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic factors</subject><ispartof>BMJ open, 2023-03, Vol.13 (3), p.e064311-e064311</ispartof><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>2023 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . 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Published by BMJ. 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b603t-11ddbd8a5edd033d8f49ca8ac575c2ad8c635cc3e8be7125b4d8e02602599dbe3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b603t-11ddbd8a5edd033d8f49ca8ac575c2ad8c635cc3e8be7125b4d8e02602599dbe3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7954-7599 ; 0000-0001-8509-7603 ; 0000-0002-3345-774X ; 0000-0001-8796-5005</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2792734726/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2792734726?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,3192,25752,26566,27923,27924,37011,37012,44589,53790,53792,55340,55349,74897,77367,77368,77431,77457</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36997259$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/335292$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zivadinovic, Nikola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abrahamsen, Regine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pesonen, Maiju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagstaff, Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Torén, Kjell</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henneberger, Paul K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kongerud, Johny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fell, Anne Kristin Moeller</creatorcontrib><title>Loss to 5-year follow-up in the population-based Telemark Study: risk factors and potential for bias</title><title>BMJ open</title><addtitle>BMJ Open</addtitle><addtitle>BMJ Open</addtitle><description>ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterise participants lost to follow-up and identify possible factors associated with non-participation in a prospective population-based study of respiratory health in Norway. We also aimed to analyse the impact of potentially biased risk estimates associated with a high proportion of non-responders.DesignProspective 5-year follow-up study.SettingRandomly selected inhabitants from the general population of Telemark County in south-eastern Norway were invited to fill in a postal questionnaire in 2013. Responders in 2013 were followed-up in 2018.Participants16 099 participants aged 16–50 years completed the baseline study. 7958 responded at the 5-year follow-up, while 7723 did not.Main outcome measuresχ2 test was performed to compare demographic and respiratory health-related characteristics between those who participated in 2018 and those who were lost to follow-up. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between loss to follow-up, background variables, respiratory symptoms, occupational exposure and interactions, and to analyse whether loss to follow-up leads to biased risk estimates.Results7723 (49%) participants were lost to follow-up. Loss to follow-up was significantly higher for male participants, those in the youngest age group (16–30 years), those in lowest education level category and among current smokers (all p&lt;0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, loss to follow-up was significantly associated with unemployment (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.46), reduced work ability (1.48, 1.35 to 1.60), asthma (1.22, 1.10 to 1.35), being woken by chest tightness (1.22, 1.11 to 1.34) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.81, 1.30 to 2.52). Participants with more respiratory symptoms and exposure to vapour, gas, dust and fumes (VGDF) (1.07 to 1.00–1.15), low-molecular weight (LMW) agents (1.19, 1.00 to 1.41) and irritating agents (1.15, 1.05 to 1.26) were more likely to be lost to follow-up. We found no statistically significant association of wheezing and exposure to LMW agents for all participants at baseline (1.11, 0.90 to 1.36), responders in 2018 (1.12, 0.83 to 1.53) and those lost to follow-up (1.07, 0.81 to 1.42).ConclusionThe risk factors for loss to 5-year follow-up were comparable to those reported in other population-based studies and included younger age, male gender, current smoking, lower educational level and higher symptom prevalence and morbidity. We found that exposure to VGDF, irritating and LMW agents can be risk factors associated with loss to follow-up. Results suggest that loss to follow-up did not affect estimates of occupational exposure as a risk factor for respiratory symptoms.</description><subject>Asthma</subject><subject>Asthma - epidemiology</subject><subject>Bias</subject><subject>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</subject><subject>Clinical Medicine</subject><subject>EPIDEMIOLOGY</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Gases - adverse effects</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Klinisk medicin</subject><subject>Lung diseases</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Molecular weight</subject><subject>OCCUPATIONAL &amp; INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE</subject><subject>Occupational Exposure - adverse effects</subject><subject>Occupations</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Population-based studies</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - epidemiology</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (see Thoracic Medicine)</subject><subject>Response rates</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><issn>2044-6055</issn><issn>2044-6055</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>9YT</sourceid><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>3HK</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kktv1DAUhSMEolXpL0BCltiwCfUjTmI2CFU8Ko3EgrK2ru07U08zcbCTVvPvcci0dFjghW3Z3znXvjpF8ZrR94yJ-sLstmHAvuSU85LWlWDsWXHKaVWVNZXy-ZP9SXGe0pbmUUklJX9ZnIhaqYZLdVq4VUiJjIHIco8QyTp0Xbgvp4H4now3SIYwTB2MPvSlgYSOXGOHO4i35Mc4uf0HEn26JWuwY4iJQO-yYsR-9NBls0iMh_SqeLGGLuH5YT0rfn75fH35rVx9_3p1-WlVmpqKsWTMOeNakOgcFcK160pZaMHKRloOrrW1kNYKbA02jEtTuRYpr2n-iXIGxVlxtfi6AFs9RJ_fudcBvP5zEOJGQxy97VCbtkLplGScuUqABGoMrZVsGi6EMpC9ysUr3eMwmSO3zTTofLSZdEIthOSKZ_7jwmd4h87mFkTojmTHN72_0Ztwpxmd61YiO5DFweaWjr7XfYiQr1vJ81w3akbeHYrE8GvCNOqdTxa7DnoMU9I8Q6ptFWUZffsPug1T7HP7Z4o3omp4nSnxUDPnIOL68cGM6jlo-hA0PQdNL0HLqjdP__qoeYhVBi4WIKv_1v2f5W-0td6x</recordid><startdate>20230330</startdate><enddate>20230330</enddate><creator>Zivadinovic, Nikola</creator><creator>Abrahamsen, Regine</creator><creator>Pesonen, Maiju</creator><creator>Wagstaff, Anthony</creator><creator>Torén, Kjell</creator><creator>Henneberger, Paul K</creator><creator>Kongerud, Johny</creator><creator>Fell, Anne Kristin Moeller</creator><general>British Medical Journal Publishing Group</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><scope>9YT</scope><scope>ACMMV</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>3HK</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>F1U</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-7599</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8509-7603</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3345-774X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-5005</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230330</creationdate><title>Loss to 5-year follow-up in the population-based Telemark Study: risk factors and potential for bias</title><author>Zivadinovic, Nikola ; Abrahamsen, Regine ; Pesonen, Maiju ; Wagstaff, Anthony ; Torén, Kjell ; Henneberger, Paul K ; Kongerud, Johny ; Fell, Anne Kristin Moeller</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b603t-11ddbd8a5edd033d8f49ca8ac575c2ad8c635cc3e8be7125b4d8e02602599dbe3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Asthma</topic><topic>Asthma - epidemiology</topic><topic>Bias</topic><topic>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</topic><topic>Clinical Medicine</topic><topic>EPIDEMIOLOGY</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Gases - adverse effects</topic><topic>Gender</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Klinisk medicin</topic><topic>Lung diseases</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Molecular weight</topic><topic>OCCUPATIONAL &amp; INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE</topic><topic>Occupational Exposure - adverse effects</topic><topic>Occupations</topic><topic>Population</topic><topic>Population-based studies</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - epidemiology</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (see Thoracic Medicine)</topic><topic>Response rates</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Socioeconomic factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zivadinovic, Nikola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abrahamsen, Regine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pesonen, Maiju</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagstaff, Anthony</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Torén, Kjell</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henneberger, Paul K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kongerud, Johny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fell, Anne Kristin Moeller</creatorcontrib><collection>BMJ Open Access Journals</collection><collection>BMJ Journals:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Proquest Nursing &amp; 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Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database (ProQuest)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Göteborgs universitet</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>BMJ open</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zivadinovic, Nikola</au><au>Abrahamsen, Regine</au><au>Pesonen, Maiju</au><au>Wagstaff, Anthony</au><au>Torén, Kjell</au><au>Henneberger, Paul K</au><au>Kongerud, Johny</au><au>Fell, Anne Kristin Moeller</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Loss to 5-year follow-up in the population-based Telemark Study: risk factors and potential for bias</atitle><jtitle>BMJ open</jtitle><stitle>BMJ Open</stitle><addtitle>BMJ Open</addtitle><date>2023-03-30</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e064311</spage><epage>e064311</epage><pages>e064311-e064311</pages><issn>2044-6055</issn><eissn>2044-6055</eissn><abstract>ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterise participants lost to follow-up and identify possible factors associated with non-participation in a prospective population-based study of respiratory health in Norway. We also aimed to analyse the impact of potentially biased risk estimates associated with a high proportion of non-responders.DesignProspective 5-year follow-up study.SettingRandomly selected inhabitants from the general population of Telemark County in south-eastern Norway were invited to fill in a postal questionnaire in 2013. Responders in 2013 were followed-up in 2018.Participants16 099 participants aged 16–50 years completed the baseline study. 7958 responded at the 5-year follow-up, while 7723 did not.Main outcome measuresχ2 test was performed to compare demographic and respiratory health-related characteristics between those who participated in 2018 and those who were lost to follow-up. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between loss to follow-up, background variables, respiratory symptoms, occupational exposure and interactions, and to analyse whether loss to follow-up leads to biased risk estimates.Results7723 (49%) participants were lost to follow-up. Loss to follow-up was significantly higher for male participants, those in the youngest age group (16–30 years), those in lowest education level category and among current smokers (all p&lt;0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, loss to follow-up was significantly associated with unemployment (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.46), reduced work ability (1.48, 1.35 to 1.60), asthma (1.22, 1.10 to 1.35), being woken by chest tightness (1.22, 1.11 to 1.34) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.81, 1.30 to 2.52). Participants with more respiratory symptoms and exposure to vapour, gas, dust and fumes (VGDF) (1.07 to 1.00–1.15), low-molecular weight (LMW) agents (1.19, 1.00 to 1.41) and irritating agents (1.15, 1.05 to 1.26) were more likely to be lost to follow-up. We found no statistically significant association of wheezing and exposure to LMW agents for all participants at baseline (1.11, 0.90 to 1.36), responders in 2018 (1.12, 0.83 to 1.53) and those lost to follow-up (1.07, 0.81 to 1.42).ConclusionThe risk factors for loss to 5-year follow-up were comparable to those reported in other population-based studies and included younger age, male gender, current smoking, lower educational level and higher symptom prevalence and morbidity. We found that exposure to VGDF, irritating and LMW agents can be risk factors associated with loss to follow-up. Results suggest that loss to follow-up did not affect estimates of occupational exposure as a risk factor for respiratory symptoms.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>British Medical Journal Publishing Group</pub><pmid>36997259</pmid><doi>10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064311</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-7599</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8509-7603</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3345-774X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-5005</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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ispartof BMJ open, 2023-03, Vol.13 (3), p.e064311-e064311
issn 2044-6055
2044-6055
language eng
recordid cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_b84e5d95121d43a5a0bb0695772339ba
source BMJ Open Access Journals; NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives; PMC (PubMed Central); BMJ Publishing; Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)
subjects Asthma
Asthma - epidemiology
Bias
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Clinical Medicine
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Follow-Up Studies
Gases - adverse effects
Gender
Humans
Klinisk medicin
Lung diseases
Male
Molecular weight
OCCUPATIONAL & INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE
Occupational Exposure - adverse effects
Occupations
Population
Population-based studies
Prospective Studies
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - epidemiology
Questionnaires
RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (see Thoracic Medicine)
Response rates
Risk Factors
Socioeconomic factors
title Loss to 5-year follow-up in the population-based Telemark Study: risk factors and potential for bias
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