Prevalence and risk factors for schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in two settings of Cote d'Ivoire

• Published in: Tropical medicine and infectious disease 2019-07, Vol.4 (3), p.1-13
• Main Authors: Angora, Etienne K, Boissier, Jérôme, Menan, Hervé, Rey, Olivier, Tuo, Karim, Touré, Andre O, Coulibaly, Jean T, Méité, Aboulaye, Raso, Giovanna, N'Goran, Eliézer K, Utzinger, Jürg, Balmer, Oliver
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Côte d’Ivoire; Diseases; Epidemiology; Health and hygiene; Human health and pathology; Infectious diseases; Life Sciences; Pediatrics; prevalence; Risk factors; Santé publique et épidémiologie; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis; School children
• ISSN: 2414-6366; 2414-6366
• DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030110

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting more than 250 million people, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. In Cote d'Ivoire both 'Schistosoma haematobium' (causing urogenital schistosomiasis) and Schistosoma mansoni (causing intestinal schistosomiasis) co-exist. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of 'S. haematobium' and 'S. mansoni' and to identify risk factors among schoolchildren in the western and southern parts of Cote d'Ivoire. From January to April 2018, a cross-sectional study was carried out including 1187 schoolchildren aged 5-14 years. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method to identify and count 'S. haematobium' eggs, while stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears to quantify eggs of 'S. mansoni' and soil-transmitted helminths. Data on sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors were obtained using a pretested questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to test for associations between variables. We found a prevalence of 'S. haematobium' of 14.0% (166 of 1187 schoolchildren infected) and a prevalence of S. mansoni of 6.1% (66 of 1089 schoolchildren infected). In the southern part of Cote d'Ivoire, the prevalence of 'S. haematobium' was 16.1% with a particularly high prevalence observed in Sikensi (35.6%), while S. mansoni was most prevalent in Agboville (11.2%). Swimming in open freshwater bodies was the main risk factor for 'S. haematobium' infection (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 127.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 25.0-634.0, 'p' < 0.001). Fishing and washing clothes in open freshwater bodies were positively associated with 'S. haematobium' and 'S. mansoni' infection, respectively. Preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel should be combined with setting-specific information, education, and communication strategies in order to change children's behavior, thus avoiding contact with unprotected open freshwater.