Emerging Magnetic Fabrication Technologies Provide Controllable Hierarchically‐Structured Biomaterials and Stimulus Response for Biomedical Applications

• Published in: Advanced science 2022-12, Vol.9 (34), p.e2202278-n/a
• Main Authors: Wychowaniec, Jacek K., Brougham, Dermot F.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Additive manufacturing; advanced manufacturing technologies; Biocompatible Materials; Biomedical materials; controlled release; Drug dosages; Efficiency; Fever; Hydrogels; Hyperthermia; Magnetic fields; magnetic hydrogels; magnetic hyperthermia; magnetic patterning; Magnetic Phenomena; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Permeability; Review; Reviews; Robotics; soft robotics; Stem cells
• ISSN: 2198-3844; 2198-3844
• DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202278

Multifunctional nanocomposites which exhibit well‐defined physical properties and encode spatiotemporally‐controlled responses are emerging as components for advanced responsive systems. For biomedical applications magnetic nanocomposite materials have attracted significant attention due to their ability to respond to spatially and temporally varying magnetic fields. The current state‐of‐the‐art in development and fabrication of magnetic hydrogels toward biomedical applications is described. There is accelerating progress in the field due to advances in manufacturing capabilities. Three categories can be identified: i) Magnetic hydrogelation, DC magnetic fields are used during solidification/gelation for aligning particles; ii) additive manufacturing of magnetic materials, 3D printing technologies are used to develop spatially‐encoded magnetic properties, and more recently; iii) magnetic additive manufacturing, magnetic responses are applied during the printing process to develop increasingly complex structural arrangement that may recapitulate anisotropic tissue structure and function. The magnetic responsiveness of conventionally and additively manufactured magnetic hydrogels are described along with recent advances in soft magnetic robotics, and the categorization is related to final architecture and emergent properties. Future challenges and opportunities, including the anticipated role of combinatorial approaches in developing 4D‐responsive functional materials for tackling long‐standing problems in biomedicine including production of 3D‐specified responsive cell scaffolds are discussed. Classification of fabrication technologies for magnetic materials is provided including: i) Magnetic hydrogelation; ii) additive manufacturing of magnetic materials, and; iii) the emerging field magnetic additive manufacturing. The magnetic responsiveness of conventionally and additively manufactured magnetic hydrogels is described along with recent advances toward biomedical applications.