Emission Abatement Technology Selection, Routing and Speed Optimization of Hybrid Ships

This paper evaluates the effect of a large-capacity electrical energy storage, e.g., Li-ion battery, on optimal sailing routes, speeds, fuel choice, and emission abatement technology selection. Despite rapid cost reduction and performance improvement, current Li-ion chemistries are infeasible for pr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of marine science and engineering 2021-09, Vol.9 (9), p.944
Main Authors: Ritari, Antti, Spoof-Tuomi, Kirsi, Huotari, Janne, Niemi, Seppo, Tammi, Kari
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Carbon
Coasts
Constraints
Decision making
Design
Distance
emission abatement
Emission standards
Emissions
Emissions control
Energy
Energy demand
Energy efficiency
Energy storage
Engines
Flux density
Greenhouse gases
hybrid propulsion
Hydrocarbon fuels
Integer programming
Leg
Linear programming
Liquefied natural gas
Lithium-ion batteries
Mathematical programming
Mixed integer
Optimization
Power supply
Rechargeable batteries
Sailing
ship design
Ships
speed optimization
Sulfur
Sulphur
Technology
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Summary:This paper evaluates the effect of a large-capacity electrical energy storage, e.g., Li-ion battery, on optimal sailing routes, speeds, fuel choice, and emission abatement technology selection. Despite rapid cost reduction and performance improvement, current Li-ion chemistries are infeasible for providing the total energy demand for ocean-crossing ships because the energy density is up to two orders of magnitude less than in liquid hydrocarbon fuels. However, limited distance zero-emission port arrival, mooring, and port departure are attainable. In this context, we formulate two groups of numerical problems. First, the well-known Emission Control Area (ECA) routing problem is extended with battery-powered zero-emission legs. ECAs have incentivized ship operators to choose longer distance routes to avoid using expensive low sulfur fuel required for compliance, resulting in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The second problem evaluates the trade-off between battery capacity and speed on battery-powered zero-emission port arrival and departure legs. We develop a mixed-integer quadratically constrained program to investigate the least cost system configuration and operation. We find that the optimal speed is up to 50% slower on battery-powered legs compared to the baseline without zero-emission constraint. The slower speed on the zero-emission legs is compensated by higher speed throughout the rest of the voyage, which may increase the total amount of GHG emissions.
ISSN:2077-1312
2077-1312
DOI:10.3390/jmse9090944