Cytotoxicity of Mycotoxins Frequently Present in Aquafeeds to the Fish Cell Line RTGill-W1

In the last decades, the aquaculture industry has introduced plant-based ingredients as a source of protein in aquafeeds. This has led to mycotoxin contaminations, representing an ecological, health and economic problem. The aim of this study was to determine in the RTgill-W1 fish cell line the toxi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxins 2021-08, Vol.13 (8), p.581
Main Authors: Bernal-Algaba, Elena, Pulgarín-Alfaro, Marta, Fernández-Cruz, María Luisa
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aflatoxins
Animal Feed - analysis
Animal Feed - microbiology
Animals
Aquaculture
Assaying
Beauvericin
Cell Membrane - drug effects
Cell Survival - drug effects
cell viability
Cells, Cultured - drug effects
Contamination
Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxins - analysis
Cytotoxins - toxicity
Deoxynivalenol
Enniatins
Fish
Fish feeds
Fishes - growth & development
Fumonisins
Harvest
Integrity
Lysosomes - drug effects
Membranes
Metabolites
Mitochondria
Mitochondria - drug effects
Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins - analysis
Mycotoxins - toxicity
Nivalenol
Ochratoxin A
Protein sources
Raw materials
RTgill-W1
Toxicity
Zearalenone
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Summary:In the last decades, the aquaculture industry has introduced plant-based ingredients as a source of protein in aquafeeds. This has led to mycotoxin contaminations, representing an ecological, health and economic problem. The aim of this study was to determine in the RTgill-W1 fish cell line the toxicity of fifteen mycotoxins of common occurrence in aquafeeds. To identify the most sensitive endpoint of toxicity, the triple assay was used. It consisted of three assays: alamarBlue, Neutral Red Uptake and CFDA-AM, which revealed the mitochondrial activity, the lysosomal integrity and the plasma membrane integrity, respectively. Most of the assayed mycotoxins were toxic predominantly at lysosomal level (enniatins, beauvericin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated metabolites 15-O-acetyl-DON and 3-acetyl-DON). Aflatoxins B1 and B2 exerted the greatest effects at mitochondrial level, while fumonisins B1 and B2 and nivalenol were not toxic up to 100 µg/mL. In general, low toxicity was observed at plasma membrane level. The vast majority of the mycotoxins assayed exerted a pronounced acute effect in the fish RTgill-W1 cell line, emphasizing the need for further studies to ascertain the impact of mycotoxin contamination of fish feeds in the aquaculture industry and to establish safe limits in aquafeeds.
ISSN:2072-6651
2072-6651
DOI:10.3390/toxins13080581