Phosphate-Induced Reaction to Prepare Coal-Based P-Doped Hard Carbon with a Hierarchical Porous Structure for Improved Sodium-Ion Storage

The use of coal as a precursor for producing hard carbon is favored due to its abundance, low cost, and high carbon yield. To further optimize the sodium storage performance of hard carbon, the introduction of heteroatoms has been shown to be an effective approach. However, the inert structure in co...

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Published in:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-06, Vol.28 (13), p.4921
Main Authors: Deng, Limin, Tang, Yakun, Liu, Jingmei, Zhang, Yue, Song, Wenjun, Li, Yuandong, Liu, Lang
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alloys
Anodes
Batteries
Calcium phosphates
Carbon
carbon dissolution reaction
Chemical elements
Coal
coal-based hard carbon
Electrode materials
Graphite
High temperature
Industrial development
Ion storage
Ions
Low cost
Microcrystals
Phosphates
Phosphorus
phosphorus-dopes
plateau capacity
Polymers
Porosity
Precursors
Silicon Dioxide
Sodium
sodium-ion batteries
Spectrum analysis
Tricalcium phosphate
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Summary:The use of coal as a precursor for producing hard carbon is favored due to its abundance, low cost, and high carbon yield. To further optimize the sodium storage performance of hard carbon, the introduction of heteroatoms has been shown to be an effective approach. However, the inert structure in coal limits the development of heteroatom-doped coal-based hard carbon. Herein, coal-based P-doped hard carbon was synthesized using Ca (PO ) to achieve homogeneous phosphorus doping and inhibit carbon microcrystal development during high-temperature carbonization. This involved a carbon dissolution reaction where Ca (PO ) reacted with SiO and carbon in coal to form phosphorus and CO. The resulting hierarchical porous structure allowed for rapid diffusion of Na and resulted in a high reversible capacity of 200 mAh g when used as an anode material for Na storage. Compared to unpretreated coal-based hard carbon, the P-doped hard carbon displayed a larger initial coulombic efficiency (64%) and proportion of plateau capacity (47%), whereas the unpretreated carbon only exhibited an initial coulombic efficiency of 43.1% and a proportion of plateau capacity of 29.8%. This work provides a green, scalable approach for effective microcrystalline regulation of hard carbon from low-cost and highly aromatic precursors.
ISSN:1420-3049
1420-3049
DOI:10.3390/molecules28134921