Genomic or Non-Genomic? A Question about the Pleiotropic Roles of Vitamin D in Inflammatory-Based Diseases

Vitamin D (vit D) is widely known for its role in calcium metabolism and its importance for the bone system. However, various studies have revealed a myriad of extra-skeletal functions, including cell differentiation and proliferation, antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammat...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Nutrients 2023-02, Vol.15 (3), p.767
Main Authors: Holick, Michael F, Mazzei, Luciana, García Menéndez, Sebastián, Martín Giménez, Virna Margarita, Al Anouti, Fatme, Manucha, Walter
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alfacalcidol
Anti-inflammatory agents
Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology
Atherosclerosis
Autoimmune diseases
Blood vessels
Calcifediol
Calciferol
Calcium metabolism
Cardiovascular disease
Cell differentiation
Cell division
Cell proliferation
Differentiation (biology)
Enzymes
epigenetic
Epigenetic inheritance
Epigenetics
Gene expression
Gene regulation
genetic
Genetic aspects
genomic
Genomics
Health aspects
Humans
Hypertension
Immune system
immunity
Immunomodulation
Inflammation
Inflammation - genetics
Kinases
Ligands
Physiological aspects
Receptors, Calcitriol - genetics
Receptors, Calcitriol - metabolism
Review
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
Vitamin D
Vitamin D - pharmacology
Vitamin D receptors
Vitamins
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Summary:Vitamin D (vit D) is widely known for its role in calcium metabolism and its importance for the bone system. However, various studies have revealed a myriad of extra-skeletal functions, including cell differentiation and proliferation, antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties in various cells and tissues. Vit D mediates its function via regulation of gene expression by binding to its receptor (VDR) which is expressed in almost all cells within the body. This review summarizes the pleiotropic effects of vit D, emphasizing its anti-inflammatory effect on different organ systems. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the genetic and epigenetic effects of vit D and VDR on the expression of genes pertaining to immunity and anti-inflammation. We speculate that in the context of inflammation, vit D and its receptor VDR might fulfill their roles as gene regulators through not only direct gene regulation but also through epigenetic mechanisms.
ISSN:2072-6643
2072-6643
DOI:10.3390/nu15030767