Emerging Ocular Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, offering significant improvements in patient survival across various malignancies. However, their use is associated with a broad spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including those affecting the eye and its surr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biomedicines 2024-11, Vol.12 (11), p.2547
Main Authors: Wu, Kevin Y, Yakobi, Yoel, Gueorguieva, Diana D, Mazerolle, Éric
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adverse events
Antibodies
Antigens
B cells
Cancer
cancer immunotherapy
Cancer therapies
Care and treatment
Cell death
Clinical outcomes
Combination therapy
Complications and side effects
Cornea
Cytotoxicity
Dendritic cells
Disease management
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Immune system
Immunity (Disease)
immunotherapy-induced uveitis
Inflammation
Keratitis
Ligands
Lymphocytes
Malignancy
Monoclonal antibodies
ocular immune-related adverse events (OirAEs)
ocular toxicity
oncology
Oncology, Experimental
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Patients
Proteins
Quality of life
Response rates
Retina
Review
Side effects
Strategic planning (Business)
Toxicity
Tumors
Uveitis
Vasculitis
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Description
Summary:Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, offering significant improvements in patient survival across various malignancies. However, their use is associated with a broad spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including those affecting the eye and its surrounding structures, collectively termed ocular irAEs (OirAEs). Although rare, OirAEs (e.g., keratitis, uveitis, retinal vasculitis, etc.) can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, leading to ocular complications if left untreated. This review provides a comprehensive overview of OirAEs associated with ICIs, including their clinical manifestations, underlying mechanisms, and current management strategies. We delve into the anterior and posterior segment adverse events, highlighting conditions such as dry eye, uveitis, and retinal disorders, as well as neuro-ophthalmic and orbital complications. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges in diagnosing and treating these conditions, particularly given the overlap with other autoimmune and paraneoplastic syndromes. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions aimed at optimizing the management of OirAEs while maintaining the efficacy of cancer therapy. This review underscores the need for increased awareness among clinicians to prevent irreversible ocular damage and enhance patient outcomes.
ISSN:2227-9059
2227-9059
DOI:10.3390/biomedicines12112547