A Review of Demand-Side Resources in Active Distribution Systems: Communication Protocols, Smart Metering, Control, Automation, and Optimization

Power systems have been going through a barrage of transformations due to the recent developments in the field, such as deregulation and restructuring of the electric power supply chain, the proliferation of distributed generation (DG), and advancements in information and communications technologies...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Applied sciences 2023-12, Vol.13 (23), p.12573
Main Authors: Ratshitanga, Mukovhe, Orumwense, Efe F., Krishnamurthy, Senthil, Melamu, Moteane
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
active distribution systems (ADS)
Alternative energy sources
Automation
Communication
control and automation in ADS
Demand side management
demand-side resources
Deregulation
Design
Electric power
Electric power systems
Electricity
Electricity distribution
Energy resources
Energy storage
IEC61850
Logistics
Optimization
optimization techniques in ADS
Power plants
Power supply
Renewable resources
smart metering
South Africa
Systems stability
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Summary:Power systems have been going through a barrage of transformations due to the recent developments in the field, such as deregulation and restructuring of the electric power supply chain, the proliferation of distributed generation (DG), and advancements in information and communications technologies. These have significantly impacted the approach to the planning, design, and operation of active distribution networks or systems. Due to this constant change, the system has become more complex to plan, maintain, and control. In this paper, the benefits and challenges of active distribution systems relative to traditional passive and active distribution systems are evaluated and investigated while the management and operational characteristics of demand-side resources in active distribution systems (ADS) are studied. In a typical ADS, there exist several vulnerabilities and threats that eventually pose a challenge in the control and automation of substations. These vulnerabilities and threats are reviewed, and potential mitigation measures are suggested. Also in this paper, the communication technologies and their implementation in terms of control and automation capabilities in active distribution networks are also studied. From this work, it is concluded that communication technologies play an integral role in the realization of more active distribution networks and that the Internet of Energy (IoE) is a major player in ADS in the reduction of faults due to human error, fast responses, and improving the stability of power supply. Cyber threats are also and will still be a continuous challenge in smart metering technologies and in substation automation systems (SAS), which will require frequent evaluation and mitigation measures so as not to prevent the power supply system from collapsing.
ISSN:2076-3417
2076-3417
DOI:10.3390/app132312573