Effects of Diet, Lifestyle, Chrononutrition and Alternative Dietary Interventions on Postprandial Glycemia and Insulin Resistance

• Published in: Nutrients 2022-02, Vol.14 (4), p.823
• Main Authors: Papakonstantinou, Emilia, Oikonomou, Christina, Nychas, George, Dimitriadis, George D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Blood glucose; Blood Glucose - metabolism; Body fat; Body weight loss; Calories; Carbohydrates; chrononutrition; Collaboration; COVID-19; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - prevention & control; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary fiber; dietary interventions; Eating; exercise; Food; Glucagon; Glucose; Glycemic Index; Hormones; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; insulin secretion; Life Style; Lifestyles; Liver; Low carbohydrate diet; Low fat diet; Meals; Metabolism; Musculoskeletal system; Nutrient deficiency; Nutrients; Nuts; Obesity; Plasma; postprandial hyperglycemia; Postprandial Period; Proteins; Review; Salads; Soups; Vinegar; Weight control; Weight loss; Whey; Whey protein
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu14040823

As years progress, we are found more often in a postprandial than a postabsorptive state. Chrononutrition is an integral part of metabolism, pancreatic function, and hormone secretion. Eating most calories and carbohydrates at lunch time and early afternoon, avoiding late evening dinner, and keeping consistent number of daily meals and relative times of eating occasions seem to play a pivotal role for postprandial glycemia and insulin sensitivity. Sequence of meals and nutrients also play a significant role, as foods of low density such as vegetables, salads, or soups consumed first, followed by protein and then by starchy foods lead to ameliorated glycemic and insulin responses. There are several dietary schemes available, such as intermittent fasting regimes, which may improve glycemic and insulin responses. Weight loss is important for the treatment of insulin resistance, and it can be achieved by many approaches, such as low-fat, low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean-style diets, etc. Lifestyle interventions with small weight loss (7-10%), 150 min of weekly moderate intensity exercise and behavioral therapy approach can be highly effective in preventing and treating type 2 diabetes. Similarly, decreasing carbohydrates in meals also improves significantly glycemic and insulin responses, but the extent of this reduction should be individualized, patient-centered, and monitored. Alternative foods or ingredients, such as vinegar, yogurt, whey protein, peanuts and tree nuts should also be considered in ameliorating postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. This review aims to describe the available evidence about the effects of diet, chrononutrition, alternative dietary interventions and exercise on postprandial glycemia and insulin resistance.