The Impact of Drugs and Substance Abuse on Viral Pathogenesis-A South African Perspective

Illicit drug and alcohol abuse have significant negative consequences for individuals who inject drugs/use drugs (PWID/UDs), including decreased immune system function and increased viral pathogenesis. PWID/UDs are at high risk of contracting or transmitting viral illnesses such as human immunodefic...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Viruses 2024-06, Vol.16 (6), p.971
Main Authors: Ratshisusu, Lufuno, Simani, Omphile E, Blackard, Jason T, Selabe, Selokela G
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIDS
Alcohol
Alcohol abuse
Amphetamines
Blood-Borne Infections
Care and treatment
Cocaine
Complications and side effects
Diagnosis
Drug abuse
Drug use
HBV
HCV
Hepacivirus
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B - transmission
Hepatitis B - virology
Hepatitis B virus - physiology
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C - transmission
Hepatitis C - virology
Heroin
HIV
HIV Infections - transmission
HIV Infections - virology
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
illicit drug
Illicit Drugs - adverse effects
Immune system
Immunosuppressive agents
Infections
Marijuana
Methamphetamine
Narcotics
Pathogenesis
Psychotropic drugs
Replication
Review
Risk factors
South Africa
South Africa - epidemiology
Substance abuse
Substance Abuse, Intravenous - complications
Substance-Related Disorders - complications
Tobacco
Viral infections
Virus diseases
Virus Diseases - transmission
Virus Replication - drug effects
Viruses
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Summary:Illicit drug and alcohol abuse have significant negative consequences for individuals who inject drugs/use drugs (PWID/UDs), including decreased immune system function and increased viral pathogenesis. PWID/UDs are at high risk of contracting or transmitting viral illnesses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). In South Africa, a dangerous drug-taking method known as "Bluetoothing" has emerged among nyaope users, whereby the users of this drug, after injecting, withdraw blood from their veins and then reinject it into another user. Hence, the transmission of blood-borne viruses (BBVs) is exacerbated by this "Bluetooth" practice among nyaope users. Moreover, several substances of abuse promote HIV, HBV, and HCV replication. With a specific focus on the nyaope drug, viral replication, and transmission, we address the important influence of abused addictive substances and polysubstance use in this review.
ISSN:1999-4915
1999-4915
DOI:10.3390/v16060971