Pineal Gland from the Cell Culture to Animal Models: A Review

This review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and reco...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Life (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2022-07, Vol.12 (7), p.1057
Main Authors: Peruri, Alekhya, Morgan, Alexandra, D'Souza, Alida, Mellon, Bridget, Hung, Carey W, Kayal, Gabriella, Shin, Haejung, Nguyen, Kim, Zahed, Malek, Yount, Mason, Ellis, Reilly, Wynne, Taylor, Fritz, Virginia, Simmons, Zachary, Roballo, Kelly C S
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alzheimer's disease
Angiogenesis
Animal models
Animal pathology
Apoptosis
Biomedical materials
Brain research
Cancer
Cell culture
Circadian rhythm
Circadian rhythms
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Cytokines
Diabetes mellitus
Endocrine system
Enzymes
Growth factors
Homeostasis
Hormones
Hypothalamus
Hypoxia
Inflammation
Literature reviews
Mammals
Melatonin
Nervous system
neurodegenerative process
Neuroprotection
Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis
Pineal gland
regeneration
Review
Vascular endothelial growth factor
Vertebrae
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Summary:This review demonstrates current literature on pineal gland physiology, pathology, and animal model experiments to concisely explore future needs in research development with respect to pineal gland function and neuro-regenerative properties. The pineal gland plays an integral role in sleep and recovery by promoting physiologic circadian rhythms via production and release of melatonin. Yet, the current literature shows that the pineal gland has neuroprotective effects that modulate both peripheral and central nerve injuries through several direct and indirect mechanisms, such as angiogenesis and induction of growth factors and anti-inflammatory mediators. Animal models have also shown correlations between pineal gland function and metabolic homeostasis. Studies have shown that a functional pineal gland is essential in preventing and slowing the progression of certain diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, vertebral osteoarthritis, and neurodegenerative processes. Lastly, the array of cell culturing methods and animal models that can be used to further develop the study of pineal gland function and nervous system injury were reviewed.
ISSN:2075-1729
2075-1729
DOI:10.3390/life12071057