A review of the pathophysiology and potential biomarkers for peripheral artery disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is due to the blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the lower limbs usually secondary to atherosclerosis. The most severe clinical manifestation of PAD is critical limb ischemia (CLI), which is associated with a risk of limb loss and mortality due to cardiovascu...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2015-05, Vol.16 (5), p.11294-11322
Main Authors: Krishna, Smriti Murali, Moxon, Joseph V, Golledge, Jonathan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Angiogenesis
arteriogenesis
Atherosclerosis - complications
Atherosclerosis - metabolism
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - blood
Biomarkers - metabolism
critical limb ischemia
Humans
Ischemia
Ischemia - physiopathology
Oxidative Stress
Peripheral Arterial Disease - diagnosis
Peripheral Arterial Disease - epidemiology
Peripheral Arterial Disease - physiopathology
peripheral artery disease
Review
Risk Factors
Thrombosis - complications
Thrombosis - metabolism
Vein & artery diseases
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Summary:Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is due to the blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the lower limbs usually secondary to atherosclerosis. The most severe clinical manifestation of PAD is critical limb ischemia (CLI), which is associated with a risk of limb loss and mortality due to cardiovascular events. Currently CLI is mainly treated by surgical or endovascular revascularization, with few other treatments in routine clinical practice. There are a number of problems with current PAD management strategies, such as the difficulty in selecting the appropriate treatments for individual patients. Many patients undergo repeated attempts at revascularization surgery, but ultimately require an amputation. There is great interest in developing new methods to identify patients who are unlikely to benefit from revascularization and to improve management of patients unsuitable for surgery. Circulating biomarkers that predict the progression of PAD and the response to therapies could assist in the management of patients. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of PAD and examines the association between circulating biomarkers and PAD presence, severity and prognosis. While some currently identified circulating markers show promise, further larger studies focused on the clinical value of the biomarkers over existing risk predictors are needed.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms160511294