A Surveillance Study of Culturable and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Two Urban WWTPs in Northern Spain

• Published in: Antibiotics (Basel) 2024-10, Vol.13 (10), p.955
• Main Authors: Pino-Hurtado, Mario Sergio, Fernández-Fernández, Rosa, Campaña-Burguet, Allelen, González-Azcona, Carmen, Lozano, Carmen, Zarazaga, Myriam, Torres, Carmen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural land; Agricultural wastes; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Antimicrobial resistance; antimicrobial resistant; Bacteria; Bacteria, Pathogenic; bacterial diversity; Carbapenems; CR-E; Drug resistance; Drug resistance in microorganisms; E coli; Effluents; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Environmental aspects; ESBL; Escherichia coli; ESKAPE; Genetic aspects; Health aspects; Identification and classification; Klebsiella; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Methicillin; Nosocomial infections; Pathogens; Phenotypes; Phenotypic variations; Plant layout; Public health; Risk factors; Risk reduction; Selective media; Sludge; Sludge digestion; Sludge treatment; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus infections; Surface water; Surveillance; Vancomycin; VRE; Wastewater treatment; Wastewater treatment plants; Water treatment; Water treatment plants; β Lactamase
• ISSN: 2079-6382; 2079-6382
• DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13100955

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are hotspots for the spread of antimicrobial resistance into the environment. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of clinically relevant antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in two Spanish urban WWTPs, located in the region of La Rioja (Spain); Methods: Ninety-four samples (48 water/46 sludge) were collected and streaked on ten different selective media, in order to recover the culturable bacterial diversity with relevant resistance phenotypes: Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-producing / (ESBL-Ec/Kp), Carbapenem-resistant (CR-E), Methicillin-resistant (MRSA), and Vancomycin-resistant / (VR- / ). Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF and were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method. The confirmation of ESBL production was performed by the double-disk test; Results: A total of 914 isolates were recovered (31 genera and 90 species). Isolates with clinically relevant resistance phenotypes such as ESBL-Ec/Kp and CR-E were recovered in the effluent (0.4 × 10 -4.8 × 10 CFU/mL) and organic amendment samples (1.0-10 -6.0 × 10 CFU/mL), which are discharged to surface waters/agricultural fields. We reported the presence of VR- in non-treated sludge and in the digested sludge samples (1.3 × 10 -1 × 10 CFU/mL). MRSA was also recovered, but only in low abundance in the effluent (0.2 × 10 CFU/mL); Conclusions: This study highlights the need for improved wastewater technologies and stricter regulations on the use of amendment sludge in agriculture. In addition, regular monitoring and surveillance of WWTPs are critical for early detection and the mitigation of risks associated with the spread of antimicrobial resistance.