Oncolytic Viruses and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition: The Best of Both Worlds

Cancer immunotherapy and the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors have markedly changed the treatment paradigm for many cancers. They function to disrupt cancer cell evasion of the immune response and activate sustained anti-tumor immunity. Oncolytic viruses have also emerged as an additional t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Molecular therapy. Oncolytics 2019-06, Vol.13, p.93-106
Main Authors: Sivanandam, Venkatesh, LaRocca, Christopher J., Chen, Nanhai G., Fong, Yuman, Warner, Susanne G.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antigens
Cancer
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer therapies
Clinical trials
Cytokines
Effector cells
FDA approval
Genetic engineering
immune checkpoint inhibitor
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Immune response
Immune system
Immunotherapy
Ligands
Lung cancer
Lymphocytes
Melanoma
Metastases
Metastasis
Oncolysis
oncolytic virus
Ovarian cancer
Skin cancer
T cell receptors
Tumor cells
Tumors
Viruses
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Summary:Cancer immunotherapy and the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors have markedly changed the treatment paradigm for many cancers. They function to disrupt cancer cell evasion of the immune response and activate sustained anti-tumor immunity. Oncolytic viruses have also emerged as an additional therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. These viruses are designed to target and kill tumor cells while leaving the normal cells unharmed. As part of this process, oncolytic virus infection stimulates anti-cancer immune responses that augment the efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. These viruses have the capability of transforming a “cold” tumor microenvironment with few immune effector cells into a “hot” environment with increased immune cell and cytokine infiltration. For this reason, there are multiple ongoing clinical trials that combine oncolytic virotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. This review will detail the key oncolytic viruses in preclinical and clinical studies and highlight the results of their testing with checkpoint inhibitors.
ISSN:2372-7705
2372-7705
DOI:10.1016/j.omto.2019.04.003