Possible role of nicotine and cotinine on nitroxidative stress and antioxidant content in saliva of smokeless tobacco consumers

• Published in: Practical laboratory medicine 2018-11, Vol.12, p.e00105-e00105, Article e00105
• Main Authors: Begum, Shaik Fareeda, Nagajothi, Gutam, Latha, Kodidela Swarna, Sandeep, G., Sreekanth, Bandi, Kumar, Chitta Suresh, Rajendra, W., Maddu, Narendra
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antioxidant enzymes; Cotinine; Free radicals; Nicotine; RP-HPLC; Smokeless tobacco
• ISSN: 2352-5517; 2352-5517
• DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2018.e00105

The aim of the study is to levels of nicotine and cotinine were elevated the oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) and inflammation as nitric oxide (NO2 and NO3) may possibly be associated with decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and can sensitively indicate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To evaluate the quantitative analysis of nicotine and cotinine levels and the alterations in the selected parameters of antioxidant metabolisms during nitroxidative stress in the saliva of smokeless tobacco consumers. Saliva nicotine and cotinine was measured by HPLC method and nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes were estimated by spectrophotometric methods. Significant increase in concentrations of nicotine and cotinine levels of saliva in smokeless tobacco users in comparison to controls. Saliva lipid peroxidation was increased in experimental subjects (gutkha group 39.28% and khaini group 25.00%) as compared to controls and nitric oxide in the form of nitrites and nitrates was significantly increased in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users compared to controls. The activity levels of antioxidant enzymes were decreased in the saliva of the smokeless tobacco users in comparison with normal controls. A strong positive correlation of nicotine and cotinine with nitroxidative stress markers in gutkha and khaini users. Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme leads to intoxication in saliva and indirectly induces inflammation process. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease in the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users indicate conspicuous cell and tissue damage. •Tobacco is global burden of deaths and risks worldwide. The use of smokeless tobacco is through chewing or snuffing and the product is kept between the cheek or gums.•The main composition of smokeless tobacco is nicotine, tobacco specific nitrosamines, volatile nitrosamines, aldehydes and heavy metals.•The levels of cotinine and nicotine are increased and may cause chronic damage to oral tissues and inflammation.•Decreased enzymatic activities of antioxidants and uric acid levels act as markers of increased oxidative stress and nitrosative stress is also increased through increased levels of nitric oxide.