Influence of relative humidity on the heterogeneous oxidation of secondary organic aerosol

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a complex mixture of hundreds of semi-volatile to extremely low-volatility organic compounds that are chemically processed in the atmosphere, including via heterogeneous oxidation by gas-phase radicals. Relative humidity (RH) has a substantial impact on particle ph...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Atmospheric chemistry and physics 2018-10, Vol.18 (19), p.14585-14608
Main Authors: Li, Ziyue, Smith, Katherine A, Cappa, Christopher D
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aerosols
Ageing
Aging
Atmosphere
Chemical properties
Continuity (mathematics)
Environmental aspects
Exposure
Free radicals
Humidity
Mass
Mass spectra
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Observations
Organic chemistry
Organic compounds
Oxidation
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Ozonolysis
Particle composition
Probability theory
Radicals
Relative humidity
Secondary aerosols
Spectra
Uptake
Vacuum
Volatility
α-Pinene
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c576t-139ec0e2d3407e084195454203adceb74e379ebcad7d50fd3db6954366f2a4b53
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c576t-139ec0e2d3407e084195454203adceb74e379ebcad7d50fd3db6954366f2a4b53
container_end_page 14608
container_issue 19
container_start_page 14585
container_title Atmospheric chemistry and physics
container_volume 18
creator Li, Ziyue
Smith, Katherine A
Cappa, Christopher D
description Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a complex mixture of hundreds of semi-volatile to extremely low-volatility organic compounds that are chemically processed in the atmosphere, including via heterogeneous oxidation by gas-phase radicals. Relative humidity (RH) has a substantial impact on particle phase, which can affect how SOA evolves in the atmosphere. In this study, SOA from dark α-pinene ozonolysis is heterogeneously aged by OH radicals in a flow tube at low and high RH. At high RH (RH =89 %) there is substantial loss of particle volume (∼60 %) at an equivalent atmospheric OH exposure of 3 weeks. In contrast, at low RH (RH =25 %) there is little mass loss (
doi_str_mv 10.5194/acp-18-14585-2018
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>gale_doaj_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_d3ca838f4ec24e169b4816b6e2add4c8</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A557795760</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_d3ca838f4ec24e169b4816b6e2add4c8</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A557795760</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c576t-139ec0e2d3407e084195454203adceb74e379ebcad7d50fd3db6954366f2a4b53</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNptkktr3DAQx01poWnaD9CbaU89ONXoYcnHEPpYCAT6uPQiZGm8q2XX2kpySL99J9kQulB0kGb0m5f0b5q3wC4UDPKj84cOTAdSGdVxBuZZcwa9YZ0WXD7_5_yyeVXKljGuGMiz5tdqnnYLzh7bNLUZd67GW2w3yz6GWP-0aW7rhmysmNMaZ0xLadNdDMTRHcUU9GkOLhOb126OvnWElrR73byY3K7gm8f9vPn5-dOPq6_d9c2X1dXldeeV7msHYkDPkAchmUZmJAxKKsmZcMHjqCUKPeDoXdBBsSmIMPZEiL6fuJOjEufN6pg3JLe1hxz31IxNLtoHB3VlXa7R79AG4Z0RZpLouUToh1Ea6MceuQtBekO53h1zpVKjLT5W9Buab0ZfLUitQQBB74_QIaffC5Zqt2nJM81oOYA2XBjq74laO6oc5ynV7Pw-Fm8vldJ6oOkZURf_oWgF3EcqjFMk_0nAh5MAYire1bVbSrGr799OWTiynj6kZJyeXgeYvZeNJdlYMPZBNvZeNuIvEBSz2Q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2117823854</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Influence of relative humidity on the heterogeneous oxidation of secondary organic aerosol</title><source>Publicly Available Content Database</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Li, Ziyue ; Smith, Katherine A ; Cappa, Christopher D</creator><creatorcontrib>Li, Ziyue ; Smith, Katherine A ; Cappa, Christopher D</creatorcontrib><description>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a complex mixture of hundreds of semi-volatile to extremely low-volatility organic compounds that are chemically processed in the atmosphere, including via heterogeneous oxidation by gas-phase radicals. Relative humidity (RH) has a substantial impact on particle phase, which can affect how SOA evolves in the atmosphere. In this study, SOA from dark α-pinene ozonolysis is heterogeneously aged by OH radicals in a flow tube at low and high RH. At high RH (RH =89 %) there is substantial loss of particle volume (∼60 %) at an equivalent atmospheric OH exposure of 3 weeks. In contrast, at low RH (RH =25 %) there is little mass loss (&lt;20 %) at the same OH exposure. Mass spectra of the SOA particles were measured as a function of OH exposure using a vacuum ultraviolet aerosol mass spectrometer (VUV-AMS). The mass spectra observed at low RH overall exhibit minor changes with oxidation and negligible further changes above an OH exposure =2×1012 molecule cm−3 s suggesting limited impact of oxidation on the particle composition. In contrast, the mass spectra observed at high RH exhibit substantial and continuous changes as a function of OH exposure. Further, at high RH clusters of peaks in the mass spectra exhibit unique decay patterns, suggesting different responses of various species to oxidation. A model of heterogeneous oxidation has been developed to understand the origin of the difference in aging between the low- and high-RH experiments. Differences in diffusivity of the SOA between the low- and high-RH experiments alone can explain the difference in compositional change but cannot explain the difference in mass loss. Instead, the difference in mass loss is attributable to RH-dependent differences in the OH uptake coefficient and/or the net probability of fragmentation, with either or both larger at high RH compared to low RH. These results illustrate the important impact of relative humidity on the fate of SOA in the atmosphere.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1680-7324</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1680-7316</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1680-7324</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-14585-2018</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Katlenburg-Lindau: Copernicus GmbH</publisher><subject>Aerosols ; Ageing ; Aging ; Atmosphere ; Chemical properties ; Continuity (mathematics) ; Environmental aspects ; Exposure ; Free radicals ; Humidity ; Mass ; Mass spectra ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Observations ; Organic chemistry ; Organic compounds ; Oxidation ; Oxidation-reduction reactions ; Ozonolysis ; Particle composition ; Probability theory ; Radicals ; Relative humidity ; Secondary aerosols ; Spectra ; Uptake ; Vacuum ; Volatility ; α-Pinene</subject><ispartof>Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 2018-10, Vol.18 (19), p.14585-14608</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2018 Copernicus GmbH</rights><rights>2018. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c576t-139ec0e2d3407e084195454203adceb74e379ebcad7d50fd3db6954366f2a4b53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c576t-139ec0e2d3407e084195454203adceb74e379ebcad7d50fd3db6954366f2a4b53</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9101-7737 ; 0000-0002-3528-3368 ; 0000000235283368 ; 0000000191017737</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2117823854/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2117823854?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,864,885,2100,25752,27923,27924,37011,44589,74897</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477131$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Li, Ziyue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Katherine A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cappa, Christopher D</creatorcontrib><title>Influence of relative humidity on the heterogeneous oxidation of secondary organic aerosol</title><title>Atmospheric chemistry and physics</title><description>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a complex mixture of hundreds of semi-volatile to extremely low-volatility organic compounds that are chemically processed in the atmosphere, including via heterogeneous oxidation by gas-phase radicals. Relative humidity (RH) has a substantial impact on particle phase, which can affect how SOA evolves in the atmosphere. In this study, SOA from dark α-pinene ozonolysis is heterogeneously aged by OH radicals in a flow tube at low and high RH. At high RH (RH =89 %) there is substantial loss of particle volume (∼60 %) at an equivalent atmospheric OH exposure of 3 weeks. In contrast, at low RH (RH =25 %) there is little mass loss (&lt;20 %) at the same OH exposure. Mass spectra of the SOA particles were measured as a function of OH exposure using a vacuum ultraviolet aerosol mass spectrometer (VUV-AMS). The mass spectra observed at low RH overall exhibit minor changes with oxidation and negligible further changes above an OH exposure =2×1012 molecule cm−3 s suggesting limited impact of oxidation on the particle composition. In contrast, the mass spectra observed at high RH exhibit substantial and continuous changes as a function of OH exposure. Further, at high RH clusters of peaks in the mass spectra exhibit unique decay patterns, suggesting different responses of various species to oxidation. A model of heterogeneous oxidation has been developed to understand the origin of the difference in aging between the low- and high-RH experiments. Differences in diffusivity of the SOA between the low- and high-RH experiments alone can explain the difference in compositional change but cannot explain the difference in mass loss. Instead, the difference in mass loss is attributable to RH-dependent differences in the OH uptake coefficient and/or the net probability of fragmentation, with either or both larger at high RH compared to low RH. These results illustrate the important impact of relative humidity on the fate of SOA in the atmosphere.</description><subject>Aerosols</subject><subject>Ageing</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Atmosphere</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Continuity (mathematics)</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Free radicals</subject><subject>Humidity</subject><subject>Mass</subject><subject>Mass spectra</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Observations</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Organic compounds</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Oxidation-reduction reactions</subject><subject>Ozonolysis</subject><subject>Particle composition</subject><subject>Probability theory</subject><subject>Radicals</subject><subject>Relative humidity</subject><subject>Secondary aerosols</subject><subject>Spectra</subject><subject>Uptake</subject><subject>Vacuum</subject><subject>Volatility</subject><subject>α-Pinene</subject><issn>1680-7324</issn><issn>1680-7316</issn><issn>1680-7324</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptkktr3DAQx01poWnaD9CbaU89ONXoYcnHEPpYCAT6uPQiZGm8q2XX2kpySL99J9kQulB0kGb0m5f0b5q3wC4UDPKj84cOTAdSGdVxBuZZcwa9YZ0WXD7_5_yyeVXKljGuGMiz5tdqnnYLzh7bNLUZd67GW2w3yz6GWP-0aW7rhmysmNMaZ0xLadNdDMTRHcUU9GkOLhOb126OvnWElrR73byY3K7gm8f9vPn5-dOPq6_d9c2X1dXldeeV7msHYkDPkAchmUZmJAxKKsmZcMHjqCUKPeDoXdBBsSmIMPZEiL6fuJOjEufN6pg3JLe1hxz31IxNLtoHB3VlXa7R79AG4Z0RZpLouUToh1Ea6MceuQtBekO53h1zpVKjLT5W9Buab0ZfLUitQQBB74_QIaffC5Zqt2nJM81oOYA2XBjq74laO6oc5ynV7Pw-Fm8vldJ6oOkZURf_oWgF3EcqjFMk_0nAh5MAYire1bVbSrGr799OWTiynj6kZJyeXgeYvZeNJdlYMPZBNvZeNuIvEBSz2Q</recordid><startdate>20181011</startdate><enddate>20181011</enddate><creator>Li, Ziyue</creator><creator>Smith, Katherine A</creator><creator>Cappa, Christopher D</creator><general>Copernicus GmbH</general><general>Copernicus Publications, EGU</general><general>Copernicus Publications</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BFMQW</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9101-7737</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-3368</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000235283368</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000191017737</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20181011</creationdate><title>Influence of relative humidity on the heterogeneous oxidation of secondary organic aerosol</title><author>Li, Ziyue ; Smith, Katherine A ; Cappa, Christopher D</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c576t-139ec0e2d3407e084195454203adceb74e379ebcad7d50fd3db6954366f2a4b53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Aerosols</topic><topic>Ageing</topic><topic>Aging</topic><topic>Atmosphere</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>Continuity (mathematics)</topic><topic>Environmental aspects</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Free radicals</topic><topic>Humidity</topic><topic>Mass</topic><topic>Mass spectra</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>Observations</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>Organic compounds</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Oxidation-reduction reactions</topic><topic>Ozonolysis</topic><topic>Particle composition</topic><topic>Probability theory</topic><topic>Radicals</topic><topic>Relative humidity</topic><topic>Secondary aerosols</topic><topic>Spectra</topic><topic>Uptake</topic><topic>Vacuum</topic><topic>Volatility</topic><topic>α-Pinene</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Li, Ziyue</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Katherine A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cappa, Christopher D</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Meteorological &amp; Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies &amp; Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural &amp; Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Continental Europe Database</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric &amp; Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy &amp; Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Meteorological &amp; Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies &amp; Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies &amp; Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric &amp; Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Atmospheric chemistry and physics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Li, Ziyue</au><au>Smith, Katherine A</au><au>Cappa, Christopher D</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Influence of relative humidity on the heterogeneous oxidation of secondary organic aerosol</atitle><jtitle>Atmospheric chemistry and physics</jtitle><date>2018-10-11</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>19</issue><spage>14585</spage><epage>14608</epage><pages>14585-14608</pages><issn>1680-7324</issn><issn>1680-7316</issn><eissn>1680-7324</eissn><abstract>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a complex mixture of hundreds of semi-volatile to extremely low-volatility organic compounds that are chemically processed in the atmosphere, including via heterogeneous oxidation by gas-phase radicals. Relative humidity (RH) has a substantial impact on particle phase, which can affect how SOA evolves in the atmosphere. In this study, SOA from dark α-pinene ozonolysis is heterogeneously aged by OH radicals in a flow tube at low and high RH. At high RH (RH =89 %) there is substantial loss of particle volume (∼60 %) at an equivalent atmospheric OH exposure of 3 weeks. In contrast, at low RH (RH =25 %) there is little mass loss (&lt;20 %) at the same OH exposure. Mass spectra of the SOA particles were measured as a function of OH exposure using a vacuum ultraviolet aerosol mass spectrometer (VUV-AMS). The mass spectra observed at low RH overall exhibit minor changes with oxidation and negligible further changes above an OH exposure =2×1012 molecule cm−3 s suggesting limited impact of oxidation on the particle composition. In contrast, the mass spectra observed at high RH exhibit substantial and continuous changes as a function of OH exposure. Further, at high RH clusters of peaks in the mass spectra exhibit unique decay patterns, suggesting different responses of various species to oxidation. A model of heterogeneous oxidation has been developed to understand the origin of the difference in aging between the low- and high-RH experiments. Differences in diffusivity of the SOA between the low- and high-RH experiments alone can explain the difference in compositional change but cannot explain the difference in mass loss. Instead, the difference in mass loss is attributable to RH-dependent differences in the OH uptake coefficient and/or the net probability of fragmentation, with either or both larger at high RH compared to low RH. These results illustrate the important impact of relative humidity on the fate of SOA in the atmosphere.</abstract><cop>Katlenburg-Lindau</cop><pub>Copernicus GmbH</pub><doi>10.5194/acp-18-14585-2018</doi><tpages>24</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9101-7737</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3528-3368</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000235283368</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000191017737</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 1680-7324
ispartof Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 2018-10, Vol.18 (19), p.14585-14608
issn 1680-7324
1680-7316
1680-7324
language eng
recordid cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_d3ca838f4ec24e169b4816b6e2add4c8
source Publicly Available Content Database; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection
subjects Aerosols
Ageing
Aging
Atmosphere
Chemical properties
Continuity (mathematics)
Environmental aspects
Exposure
Free radicals
Humidity
Mass
Mass spectra
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Observations
Organic chemistry
Organic compounds
Oxidation
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Ozonolysis
Particle composition
Probability theory
Radicals
Relative humidity
Secondary aerosols
Spectra
Uptake
Vacuum
Volatility
α-Pinene
title Influence of relative humidity on the heterogeneous oxidation of secondary organic aerosol
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-10T10%3A29%3A38IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_doaj_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Influence%20of%20relative%20humidity%20on%20the%20heterogeneous%20oxidation%20of%20secondary%20organic%20aerosol&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric%20chemistry%20and%20physics&rft.au=Li,%20Ziyue&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=19&rft.spage=14585&rft.epage=14608&rft.pages=14585-14608&rft.issn=1680-7324&rft.eissn=1680-7324&rft_id=info:doi/10.5194/acp-18-14585-2018&rft_dat=%3Cgale_doaj_%3EA557795760%3C/gale_doaj_%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c576t-139ec0e2d3407e084195454203adceb74e379ebcad7d50fd3db6954366f2a4b53%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2117823854&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A557795760&rfr_iscdi=true