Beyond steps per day: other measures of real-world walking after stroke related to cardiovascular risk

• Published in: Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation 2022-10, Vol.19 (1), p.1-111, Article 111
• Main Authors: Miller, Allison, Collier, Zachary, Reisman, Darcy S
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Blood pressure; Cardiovascular diseases; Complications and side effects; Exercise; Exercise tests; Health aspects; Health risks; Laboratories; Methods; Physical activity; Physiological aspects; Real-world monitoring; Rehabilitation; Risk; Risk factors; Sedentary behavior; Stroke; Stroke (Disease); Walking; Walking activity
• ISSN: 1743-0003; 1743-0003
• DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01091-7

Background Significant variability exists in how real-world walking has been measured in prior studies in individuals with stroke and it is unknown which measures are most important for cardiovascular risk. It is also unknown whether real-world monitoring is more informative than laboratory-based measures of walking capacity in the context of cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to determine a subset of real-world walking activity measures most strongly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), a measure of cardiovascular risk, in people with stroke and if these measures are associated with SBP after accounting for laboratory-based measures of walking capacity. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of 276 individuals with chronic ([greater than or equal to] 6 months) stroke. Participants wore an activity monitor for [greater than or equal to] 3 days. Measures of activity volume, activity frequency, activity intensity, and sedentary behavior were calculated. Best subset selection and lasso regression were used to determine which activity measures were most strongly associated with systolic blood pressure. Sequential linear regression was used to determine if these activity measures were associated with systolic blood pressure after accounting for walking capacity (6-Minute Walk Test). Results Average bout cadence (i.e., the average steps/minute across all bouts of walking) and the number of long ([greater than or equal to] 30 min) sedentary bouts were most strongly associated with systolic blood pressure. After accounting for covariates ([DELA]R.sup.2 = 0.089, p < 0.001) and walking capacity ([DELA]R.sup.2 = 0.002, p = 0.48), these activity measures were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure ([DELA]R.sup.2 = 0.027, p = 0.02). Higher systolic blood pressure was associated with older age ([beta] = 0.219, p < 0.001), male gender ([beta] = - 0.121, p = 0.046), black race ([beta] = 0.165, p = 0.008), and a slower average bout cadence ([beta] = - 0.159, p = 0.022). Conclusions Measures of activity intensity and sedentary behavior may be superior to commonly used measures, such as steps/day, when the outcome of interest is cardiovascular risk. The relationship between walking activity and cardiovascular risk cannot be inferred through laboratory-based assessments of walking capacity. Keywords: Stroke, Physical activity, Walking activity, Blood pressure, Real-world monitoring