A non-coding RNA balancing act: miR-346-induced DNA damage is limited by the long non-coding RNA NORAD in prostate cancer

• Published in: Molecular cancer 2022-03, Vol.21 (1), p.82-22, Article 82
• Main Authors: Fletcher, C E, Deng, L, Orafidiya, F, Yuan, W, Lorentzen, M P G S, Cyran, O W, Varela-Carver, A, Constantin, T A, Leach, D A, Dobbs, F M, Figueiredo, I, Gurel, B, Parkes, E, Bogdan, D, Pereira, R R, Zhao, S G, Neeb, A, Issa, F, Hester, J, Kudo, H, Liu, Y, Philippou, Y, Bristow, R, Knudsen, K, Bryant, R J, Feng, F Y, Reed, S H, Mills, I G, de Bono, J, Bevan, C L
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Androgen receptors; Androgens; Antibodies; Binding sites; Bioinformatics; Biomarkers; Biopsy; c-Myc protein; Cancer; Cell activation; Cell Cycle; Chemotherapy; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; DNA binding proteins; DNA biosynthesis; DNA Damage; DNA repair; Gene expression; Gene mapping; Genetic aspects; Genetic research; Genetic transcription; Genomes; Genomics; Health aspects; Humans; Laboratories; Long non-coding RNA; Male; MicroRNA; MicroRNAs; MicroRNAs - genetics; MicroRNAs - metabolism; miRNA; Myc protein; Nkx3.1 protein; Non-coding RNA; Pheochromocytoma cells; Plasmids; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; Prostate cancer; Prostatic Neoplasms - genetics; Reagents; Replication; Replication stress; RNA polymerase; RNA, Long Noncoding - genetics; RNA, Long Noncoding - metabolism; RNA-Binding Proteins - genetics; Transcription factors; Transcription Factors - genetics; Tumors; Xenografts
• ISSN: 1476-4598; 1476-4598
• DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01540-w

miR-346 was identified as an activator of Androgen Receptor (AR) signalling that associates with DNA damage response (DDR)-linked transcripts in prostate cancer (PC). We sought to delineate the impact of miR-346 on DNA damage, and its potential as a therapeutic agent. RNA-IP, RNA-seq, RNA-ISH, DNA fibre assays, in vivo xenograft studies and bioinformatics approaches were used alongside a novel method for amplification-free, single nucleotide-resolution genome-wide mapping of DNA breaks (INDUCE-seq). miR-346 induces rapid and extensive DNA damage in PC cells - the first report of microRNA-induced DNA damage. Mechanistically, this is achieved through transcriptional hyperactivation, R-loop formation and replication stress, leading to checkpoint activation and cell cycle arrest. miR-346 also interacts with genome-protective lncRNA NORAD to disrupt its interaction with PUM2, leading to PUM2 stabilisation and its increased turnover of DNA damage response (DDR) transcripts. Confirming clinical relevance, NORAD expression and activity strongly correlate with poor PC clinical outcomes and increased DDR in biopsy RNA-seq studies. In contrast, miR-346 is associated with improved PC survival. INDUCE-seq reveals that miR-346-induced DSBs occur preferentially at binding sites of the most highly-transcriptionally active transcription factors in PC cells, including c-Myc, FOXA1, HOXB13, NKX3.1, and importantly, AR, resulting in target transcript downregulation. Further, RNA-seq reveals widespread miR-346 and shNORAD dysregulation of DNA damage, replication and cell cycle processes. NORAD drives target-directed miR decay (TDMD) of miR-346 as a novel genome protection mechanism: NORAD silencing increases mature miR-346 levels by several thousand-fold, and WT but not TDMD-mutant NORAD rescues miR-346-induced DNA damage. Importantly, miR-346 sensitises PC cells to DNA-damaging drugs including PARP inhibitor and chemotherapy, and induces tumour regression as a monotherapy in vivo, indicating that targeting miR-346:NORAD balance is a valid therapeutic strategy. A balancing act between miR-346 and NORAD regulates DNA damage and repair in PC. miR-346 may be particularly effective as a therapeutic in the context of decreased NORAD observed in advanced PC, and in transcriptionally-hyperactive cancer cells.