SiameseNet based on multiple instance learning for accurate identification of the histological grade of ICC tumors

• Published in: Frontiers in oncology 2025-02, Vol.15
• Main Authors: Fu, Zhizhan, Feng, Fazhi, He, Xingguang, Li, Tongtong, Li, Xiansong, Ziluo, Jituome, Huang, Zixing, Ye, Jinlin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: cross-attention mechanism; CT-based diagnostics; histological grade; intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; multiple instance learning
• ISSN: 2234-943X; 2234-943X
• DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1450379

BackgroundAfter hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary liver cancer. Timely and accurate identification of ICC histological grade is critical for guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment planning.MethodWe proposed a dual-branch deep neural network (SiameseNet) based on multiple-instance learning and cross-attention mechanisms to address tumor heterogeneity in ICC histological grade prediction. The study included 424 ICC patients (381 in training, 43 in testing). The model integrated imaging data from two modalities through cross-attention, optimizing feature representation for grade classification.ResultsIn the testing cohort, the model achieved an accuracy of 86.0%, AUC of 86.2%, sensitivity of 84.6%, and specificity of 86.7%, demonstrating robust predictive performance.ConclusionThe proposed framework effectively mitigates performance degradation caused by tumor heterogeneity. Its high accuracy and generalizability suggest potential clinical utility in assisting histopathological assessment and personalized treatment planning for ICC patients.