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Association of Nut Consumption with Risk of Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease: The Million Veteran Program
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD), is the major cause of mortality for Americans. Nuts have been shown to improve a variety of cardiovascular disease risk factors. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that nut consumption is inversely associated with...
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Published in: | Nutrients 2021-08, Vol.13 (9), p.3031 |
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description | Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including stroke and coronary artery disease (CAD), is the major cause of mortality for Americans. Nuts have been shown to improve a variety of cardiovascular disease risk factors. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that nut consumption is inversely associated with risk of incidence of stroke, CAD, and CVD mortality in the prospective Million Veterans Program (MVP). A total of 179,827 MVP participants enrolled between 2011 and 2018 were free of CVD prior to assessment of nut consumption via the food frequency questionnaire. Incident stroke and CVD events were ascertained from the Veterans Affairs electronic medical health records and the National Death Index. We used the Cox regression model to compute multivariable adjusted hazard ratios. Over the 3.5-year median follow-up, 3362 new cases of ischemic stroke were identified. When compared with participants who rarely or never consumed nuts, those consuming nuts ≥ 5 times per week were 19% less likely to experience a stroke (95% CI: 8% to 28%); 22% less likely to suffer from CAD (95% CI: 16% to 28%); and 24% less likely to die from CVD (95% CI: 7% to 37%). Consumption of peanut butter was not associated with risk of stroke. Increased dietary intake of nuts, but not peanut butter, was associated with a lower risk of stroke, CAD, and CVD death. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/nu13093031 |
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Nuts have been shown to improve a variety of cardiovascular disease risk factors. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that nut consumption is inversely associated with risk of incidence of stroke, CAD, and CVD mortality in the prospective Million Veterans Program (MVP). A total of 179,827 MVP participants enrolled between 2011 and 2018 were free of CVD prior to assessment of nut consumption via the food frequency questionnaire. Incident stroke and CVD events were ascertained from the Veterans Affairs electronic medical health records and the National Death Index. We used the Cox regression model to compute multivariable adjusted hazard ratios. Over the 3.5-year median follow-up, 3362 new cases of ischemic stroke were identified. When compared with participants who rarely or never consumed nuts, those consuming nuts ≥ 5 times per week were 19% less likely to experience a stroke (95% CI: 8% to 28%); 22% less likely to suffer from CAD (95% CI: 16% to 28%); and 24% less likely to die from CVD (95% CI: 7% to 37%). Consumption of peanut butter was not associated with risk of stroke. Increased dietary intake of nuts, but not peanut butter, was associated with a lower risk of stroke, CAD, and CVD death.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu13093031</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34578913</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alcohol use ; Body mass index ; Butter ; Cardiovascular disease ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology ; Coronary artery ; Coronary artery disease ; Coronary vessels ; Diabetes ; Diet - methods ; Dietary intake ; Electronic health records ; Female ; Food consumption ; food frequency questionnaire ; Health risks ; Heart diseases ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Ischemia ; Lifestyles ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Nuts ; Peanut butter ; Prospective Studies ; Risk analysis ; Risk factors ; Stroke ; Stroke - epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States - epidemiology ; Veterans ; Veterans - statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2021-08, Vol.13 (9), p.3031</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. 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When compared with participants who rarely or never consumed nuts, those consuming nuts ≥ 5 times per week were 19% less likely to experience a stroke (95% CI: 8% to 28%); 22% less likely to suffer from CAD (95% CI: 16% to 28%); and 24% less likely to die from CVD (95% CI: 7% to 37%). Consumption of peanut butter was not associated with risk of stroke. Increased dietary intake of nuts, but not peanut butter, was associated with a lower risk of stroke, CAD, and CVD death.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>34578913</pmid><doi>10.3390/nu13093031</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9855-2599</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adult Age Aged Aged, 80 and over Alcohol use Body mass index Butter Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology Coronary artery Coronary artery disease Coronary vessels Diabetes Diet - methods Dietary intake Electronic health records Female Food consumption food frequency questionnaire Health risks Heart diseases Humans Hypertension Incidence Ischemia Lifestyles Male Middle Aged Mortality Nuts Peanut butter Prospective Studies Risk analysis Risk factors Stroke Stroke - epidemiology Surveys and Questionnaires United States - epidemiology Veterans Veterans - statistics & numerical data Young Adult |
title | Association of Nut Consumption with Risk of Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease: The Million Veteran Program |
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