An investigation of a hundred COVID-19 cases and close contacts in Ethiopia, May to June, 2020: A prospective case-ascertained study

• Published in: PloS one 2022-01, Vol.17 (10)
• Main Authors: Shambel Habebe Watare, Mikias Alayu Alemu, Adamu Tayachew, Negussie Yohannes, Lehageru Gizachew, Adisu Kebede, Asdesach Tessema, Wubayehu Kassa, Mengistu Biru, Mikias Teferi, Naod Wendrad, Kirubel Eshetu, Gizaw Teka, Habtamu Yimer, Faiqa Ebrahim, Dagnachew Mulugeta, Alemnesh Mirkuze, Saro Abdela, Musa Emmanuel, Abdulhafiz Hassen, Mesfin Wosen, Mukemil Hussen, Yaregal Fufa, Getachew Tolera, Zewdu Assefa, Aschalew Abayneh, Ebba Abate
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 1932-6203

Background Corona Virus Disease 2019 is a novel respiratory disease commonly transmitted through respiratory droplets. The disease has currently expanded all over the world with differing epidemiologic trajectories. This investigation was conducted to determine the basic clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease in Ethiopia. Methods A prospective case-ascertained study of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and their close contacts were conducted. The study included 100 COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed cases reported from May 15, 2020 to June 15, 2020 and 300 close contacts. Epidemiological and clinical information were collected using the WHO standard data collection tool developed first-few cases and contacts investigation. Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal samples were collected by using polystyrene tipped swab and transported to the laboratory by viral transport media maintaining an optimal temperature. Clinical and epidemiological parameters were calculated in terms of ratios, proportions, and rates with 95% CI. Result A total of 400 participants were investigated, 100 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 300 close contacts of the cases. The symptomatic proportion of cases was 23% (23) (95% CI: 15.2%-32.5%), the proportion of cases required hospitalization were 8% (8) (95%CI: 3.5%-15.2%) and 2% (95%CI: 0.24% - 7.04%) required mechanical ventilation. The secondary infection rate, secondary clinical attack rate, median incubation period and median serial interval were 42% (126) (95% CI: 36.4%-47.8%), 11.7% (35) (95% CI: 8.3%-15.9%), 7 days (IQR: 4–13.8) and 11 days (IQR: 8–11.8) respectively. The basic reproduction number (RO) was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.0–1.5). Conclusion The proportion of asymptomatic infection, as well as secondary infection rate among close contacts, are higher compared to other studies. The long serial interval and low basic reproduction number might contribute to the observed slow progression of the pandemic, which gives a wide window of opportunities and time to control the spread. Testing, prevention, and control measures should be intensified.