Effect of Immune Stress on Growth Performance and Immune Functions of Livestock: Mechanisms and Prevention

Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that pathogen-induced immune stress is mostly related...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Animals (Basel) 2022-04, Vol.12 (7), p.909
Main Authors: Niu, Xueting, Ding, Yuexia, Chen, Shengwei, Gooneratne, Ravi, Ju, Xianghong
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Antigens
Apoptosis
Chemokines
Cytokines
Disease resistance
Domestic animals
growth performance
immune function
Immune response
immune stress
Immune system
Immunoglobulins
Inflammation
Intestine
Kinases
Livestock
Lymphocytes
mechanisms
Microorganisms
Oxidative stress
Pathogens
Poultry
Prevention
Proteins
R&D
Research & development
Review
Risk analysis
Risk factors
Signal transduction
Spleen
Thymus gland
TLR4 protein
Toll-like receptors
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
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Summary:Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that pathogen-induced immune stress is mostly related to TLR4-related inflammatory signal pathway activation, excessive inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, hormonal disorders, cell apoptosis, and intestinal microbial disorders. This paper reviews the occurrence of immune stress in livestock, its impact on immune function and growth performance, and strategies for immune stress prevention.
ISSN:2076-2615
2076-2615
DOI:10.3390/ani12070909