Polyphenol oxidase genes in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.): functional activity with respect to black grain pigmentation

• Published in: Frontiers in plant science 2024-01, Vol.14, p.1320770
• Main Authors: Glagoleva, Anastasiia Y, Kukoeva, Tat'jana V, Khlestkina, Elena K, Shoeva, Olesya Y
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Black lemma and pericarp 1; enzymatic browning; epistasis; genetic segregation; melanin; Plant Science
• ISSN: 1664-462X; 1664-462X
• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1320770

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an oxidoreductase. In damaged plant tissues, it catalyzes enzymatic browning by oxidizing -diphenols to highly reactive -quinones, which polymerize producing heterogeneous dark polymer melanin. In intact tissues, functions of PPO are not well understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the barley PPO gene family and to reveal the possible involvement of genes in melanization of barley grain, which is controlled by the gene. Based on known barley genes on chromosome 2H ( and ), two additional genes- and -were found on chromosomes 3H and 4H, respectively. These genes have one and two exons, respectively, contain a conserved tyrosinase domain and are thought to be functional. Comparative transcriptional analyzes of the genes in samples of developing grains (combined hulls and pericarp tissues) were conducted in two barley lines differing by melanin pigmentation. The genes were found to be transcribed with increasing intensity (while grains mature) independently from the grain color, except for , which is transcribed only in black-grained line i:Bw accumulating melanin in grains. Analysis of this gene's expression in detached hulls and pericarps showed its elevated transcription in both tissues in comparison with yellow ones, while it was significantly higher in hulls than in pericarp. Segregation analysis in two F populations obtained based on barley genotypes carrying dominant and recessive (I) and dominant and recessive and (II) was carried out. In population I, only two phenotypic classes corresponding to parental black and white ones were observed; the segregation ratio was 3 black to 1 white, corresponding to monogenic. In population II, aside from descendants with black and white grains, hybrids with a gray phenotype - light hulls and dark pericarp - were observed; the segregation ratio was 9 black to 3 gray to 4 white, corresponding to the epistatic interaction of two genes. Most hybrids with the gray phenotype carry dominant and a homozygous recessive allele of . Based on transcription and segregation assays one may conclude involvement of but not in melanin formation in barley hulls.