Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae

Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs spec...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Applied sciences 2020-09, Vol.10 (17), p.6103
Main Authors: Fattah, I.M. Rizwanul, Noraini, M.Y., Mofijur, M., Silitonga, A. S., Badruddin, Irfan Anjum, Khan, T.M. Yunus, Ong, Hwai Chyuan, Mahlia, T.M.I.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Algae
Amplitudes
biodiesel
Biodiesel fuels
biofuel
Biofuels
Biomass
Chlorella
Chloroform
Crude oil
Diesel
enzymatic reaction
Enzymatic synthesis
Fatty acids
Fourier transforms
Glycerol
Greenhouse gases
immobilized lipase
Lipase
Lipids
Methods
microalgae
Oil
Raw materials
Solvent extraction
Solvent extraction processes
Solvents
Spirulina
Triglycerides
ultrasonication
Yield
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Summary:Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species.
ISSN:2076-3417
2076-3417
DOI:10.3390/app10176103