Di-n-butyl phthalate induces oversecretion of vascular endothelium-derived NAP-2 and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of urothelial cells in newborn hypospadias rats

• Published in: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2023-05, Vol.256, p.114892-114892, Article 114892
• Main Authors: Hua, Shan, Shi, Fei, Xie, Zhiwen, Wu, Lei, Dai, Mengqiao, Zhang, Yongqing, Xu, Xinyu, Zhu, Yiping, Jiang, Juntao
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Cytokines; Dibutyl Phthalate; Endothelial cells; Endothelium, Vascular - metabolism; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Female; Humans; Hypospadias; Hypospadias - metabolism; Male; Maternal Exposure; Neutrophil-activating peptide 2; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species; Transforming Growth Factor beta
• ISSN: 0147-6513; 1090-2414
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114892

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is a plasticizer commonly used in industrial production and is present in our daily life. It has been confirmed that DBP causes genitourinary malformations, especially hypospadias. However, the research of hypospadias mainly focusses on the genital tubercle in previous studies. In this study, we found DBP could affect the exocrine function of the vascular endothelium which disturb the development of genital nodules and induced hypospadias. We used cytokine array to find that vascular endothelium-derived NAP-2 may be a major abnormal secreted cytokine with biological functions. The transcriptomic sequencing analysis showed that abnormal activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was the main reason for increased NAP-2 secretion. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers and NAP-2 in hypospadias animal models were detected with Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, Immunofluorescence, and ELISA methods. The expression levels of NAP-2, RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway related proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in HUVEC cells, EMT biomarkers and migration capacity of urothelial cells cocultured with HUVEC were measured with ELISA, flow cytometry, Western blot or Transwell assay for further cell experiments. The results showed that DBP leaded to NAP-2 oversecretion from vascular endothelium mainly rely on the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and ROS accumulation. The RhoA/ROCK inhibitor fasudil could partially decrease ROS production, and both fasudil and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) could decrease NAP-2 secretion. Meanwhile, the oversecretion of NAP-2 from HUVEC in coculture system promoted EMT and migration capacity of urothelial cells, and TGF-β inhibitor LY219761 could block the aberrant activation of EMT process. Therefore, it could be concluded that DBP increase NAP-2 secretion from vascular endothelium by RhoA/ROCK/ROS pathway, and further promote EMT in urothelial cells through TGF-β pathway. This study provided a novel direction for studying the occurrence of hypospadias and may provide a hypospadias predictive marker in the future. •DBP increased secretion of NAP-2 from vascular endothelium and promoted EMT in genital tubercles.•2. DBP caused activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and accumulation of ROS in vascular endothelium.•Fasudil or N-acetyl-L-cysteine could inhibit the secretion of vascular endothelium-derived NAP-2 and EMT of urothelial cells.