Th2-Oriented Immune Serum After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Does Not Enhance Infection In Vitro

The relatively lower protection rate of the alum-adjuvanted inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines reminds us of the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) phenomenon observed in preclinical studies during the development of vaccines for Middle East respirato...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Frontiers in immunology 2022-04, Vol.13, p.882856-882856
Main Authors: Luan, Ning, Li, Tao, Wang, Yunfei, Cao, Han, Yin, Xingxiao, Lin, Kangyang, Liu, Cunbao
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adjuvants, Immunologic
aluminum adjuvant
Animals
Antibodies, Neutralizing
antibody-dependent enhancement of infection
COVID-19 - prevention & control
COVID-19 Vaccines
Humans
Immune Sera
Immunology
inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
Mice
Mice, Inbred BALB C
SARS-CoV-2
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
spike protein subunit vaccine
Th2
Vaccination
Viral Vaccines
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Summary:The relatively lower protection rate of the alum-adjuvanted inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines reminds us of the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) phenomenon observed in preclinical studies during the development of vaccines for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1). In this study, using the S1 segment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 virus as an antigen and aluminum as an adjuvant, the risk of ADE of infection with T helper 2 (Th2)-oriented immune serum from mice (N=6) and humans (N=5) was examined in immune cell lines, which show different expression patterns of Fc receptors. Neither the immune serum from alum-adjuvanted S1 subunit vaccines nor inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination enhanced SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped virus infection in any of the tested cell lines . Because both of these Th2-oriented immune sera could block SARS-CoV-2 infection without ADE of infection, we speculate that the lower protection rate of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may be attributed to the lower neutralizing antibody titers induced or the pulmonary eosinophilic immunopathology accompanied by eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs upon virus exposure. Adjustment of the immunization schedule to elevate the neutralizing antibody levels and skew adjuvants toward Th1-oriented responses may be considered to increase the efficacies of both inactivated and spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
ISSN:1664-3224
1664-3224
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2022.882856